λ = 0,34 (l 0,64 β τ) (9.159)
q l ; β = / τ , , . . .
(9.160)
ξ q, .
, ξ, .
q, (q ≥ 2), β = 1
ξ = 2 + 0,022 q2 k2(1 + Δz); (9.161)
(β < 1)
ξ = k''q2 + k'β k2(1 + Δz); (9.162)
(q ≥ 2)
ξ = k''q2 + 2k''β k2( + Δz); (9.163)
q, 1 < q < 2,
ξ = k''q2 + 2k''β k2( + Δz); (9.164)
Δz, k', k" k"β , . 9.51. k"β k' q, c/d ( q = b + c/d, b , c/d < 1 q), k'β (9.156) (9.157).
, (9.152), :
'2 = v12 x2, (9.165)
v 12 (9.151).
9.10.3.
, .
. , , , (. . 9,35). , . , r2 ,
. 9.51.
:
Δz b/tz b/S;
k' q;
' β;
''β β q;
|
|
k' tz2/tz1 βck
r2 I2 Ic I :
(9.166)
I ; I ; rC ; r , (. . 9.35).
I I2.
,
I = I /Δ = I2 /Δ, (9.167)
Δ = 2sin (. 9.7), (9.167),
r2 = r + 2 (9.168)
rc = ; (9.169)
r = (9.170)
I , , ; D. , (. . 9.37):
D. = D2 - h; (9.171)
qc , 2; kr ; kr = 1; q , 2; , , (. . 5.1).
r2 . , (9.151) m2 = Z2, w2 = 1/2, k2 = 1 :
(9.172)
( 3.17)
k = 2 sin ;
β tz2. γck = π2p / Z1. 2 = 2 - γck kc = 1.
r'2 = r2 v12. (9.173)
, , . .
x = 1,58 (9.174)
λ . 9.26.
λ (9.159).
λ1
(9.174)
ξ, .
(9.175)
(9.176)
tz1 tz2 ; ΔZ . 9.51, a, kβ (9.155) (9.158); βc = βc/tz2 , . b = 0; k'c . 9.51, tz2/tz1 βc ( , β = 0).
|
|
(9.177)
(9.152) m2 = Z2 q2 = 1/(2) λ.
. 9.27 (. 9.52).
9.27.
9.52, | |
9.52,6 | |
9.52, | |
9.52, | |
9.52, |
k= 1.
(. 9.52, ) . 9.27 . 9.52, h /b 0,3 + 1,12 106 , . 9.52, h/b + 1,12 106 , , ; I2 , .
. 9.52.
:
; ,
.
, (. . 9.37, ),
(9.178)
(. . 9.37, ), , , , , ,
(9.179)
D. (9.171); Δ = 2 sin πρ/Z2 ; h b (. . 9.37); ; (9.154).
,
(9.180)
(9.181)
ΔZ . 9.51, .
(9.181), , : Z2/p ≥ 10, ξ = 1.
, ,
, (9.182)
β , . β = 1; kμ ( 9.129).
'2 = 2 γ12 (9.183)
v 12 (9.172).
rμ (. . 9.47, ) . , rμ , , . , rμ = /(m I20a), ,I0. rμ = .
xμ xμ = 1\Iμ.
rμ μ r12 12 (. . 9.47, 6),
|
|
rμ ≤ xμ, 12 ≈ μ, r12 << 12. r1 , .
r1 12 :
r12 = Pc. / (m I2μ); (9.184)
(9.185)
9.10.4.
, .
, , :
(9.186)
.
, 1 = 0,08...0,14 '2 = 0,1...0,16.
, , , 3040 , x1*. 12* = 2...4.
: r1* ≈ r'2* ≈ 0,02... 0,03; , .
r12* 0,05...0,2.
9.11.
( ), , , .
, , f 2 = s f 1, , , [6].
f 2 f 1 , . . , - .
(6.4) :
. = 1,0/50 (9.187)
p1,0/50 (. 9.28) 1 50 ; β , ; β = 1,3...1,5; k kz , . 250 k = l,6 k z = 1,8; k = 1,4 k z = 1,7; z1 , ; m, mz1 , :
ma = π(Da - ha) ha l1 kc1 γc; (9.188)
mz1 = hz1bz1 Z1 l1 kc1 γc; (9.189)
h , :
h = 0,5(Da - D) h1;
hz1 , ; bz1 , :
|
|
bz1 = (bz1max + bz1min)/ 2;
γ ; γ = 7,8 103 /3.
9.28. , /, 0,5
= 1 f = 50
, / | , / | ||
2,5 | 1,75 | ||
2,2 | 1,3 | ||
( ) ( ) ( ).
(. 9.53, ), :
. 9.53. :
;
β0 = f /(b / S)
B01(2) = β01(2) kδ Bδ. (9.190)
β01 : β01 = f (b2 / δ); : β02 = f (b1 / δ). β0 = f (b / δ) . 9.53, .
0 , Z2n Z1n , , . . , 12 :
1 = 0,5 k01 (9.191)
2 = 0,5 k02 (9.192)
k01(02) , () ; ( 160 , ), k01(02) = 1,4...1,8, ( 2 > 160 ) k01(02) = 1,7...2,0; n = nc (1 - s) ≈ nc , /.
, ,
.1 = p.1 (tz1 b1) Z1 l1. (9.193)
, ,
2 =p2(tz2 - b2)Z2 lc2. (9.194)
, :
1 = (9.195)
2 = (9.196)
Bz1cp Bz2cp , :
(9.197)
γ1 γ2 (9.197) b1 b2 , :
b'1(2) = (9.198)
( 1 b'1, 2 b'2).
kδ δ/δ . 9.54.
P1 ≈ 0,11 ; (9.199)
P2 ≈ 0,11 ; (9.200)
. 9.54.
mz1 , , (9.189); mz2 , :
mz2 = Z2 hz2 bz2 l2 kc2 γc (9.201)
hz2 , ; bz2cp , :
bz2cp = (bz2max + bz2min) / 2.
, b2 . .
= 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 (9.202)
P = . + .. (9.203)
. 58 , ..
.
, ,
P1 = m1 r1. (9.204)
, ,
|
|
2 = m2 r2 = m1 . (9.205)
, ,
P2 = m2 r2 = Z2 r2 (9.206)
2 = m1 . (9.207)
., , , ,
. = m2 ΔU I., (9.208)
ΔU , ; . 4.2; I. , ; I. = I2 ; ( m2 = 3) I. = I2.
, . () , , , . (9.209 9.213).
, , ,
≈ (n / 1000)2 (10D)3; (9.209)
= 5 2 = 2; = 6 2 ≥ 4 Da ≤ 0,25 ;
= 6 2 = 2; = 7 2 ≥ 4 Da > 0,25 .
(0,1 ≤ Da ≤ 0,5 )
= (n /10)2 D4a; (9.210)
= 1 2 = 2 = 1,3(1 - Da) 2 ≥ 4.
= 1,2 2 τ3 (n +1,1) 103 (9.211)
n ; n = 0.
= (n/1000)2 (10 D)3, (9.212)
D , ; D ≈ Da; K = 2,9 Da ≤ 0,25 ; = 3,6 Da = 0,25...0,5 .
(0,5 < Da < 0,9 )
= (10Da)3 (9.213)
. 9.29.
9.29.
2p | ||||||
3,65 | 1,5 | 0,7 | 0,35 | 0,2 | 0,2 |
, , :
. = ρ S υ, (9.214)
( 0,160,17); ρ , (. . 4.2); S , 2; v k , /.
, , . , , , . . , . . , , 1...2 % ( ) . , 0,5 % . , , :
= . (I1/I1)2. (9.215)
η = 2 /P1 = 1 - / P1, (9.216)
, .
(9.217)
, , .
I.. = (9.218)
:
1. = m I2μ r1. (9.219)
I.. ≈ Iμ (9.220)
cos φ. = I.. / I.. (9.221)
9.12.
P1, I1, cosφ, η, s1 = f (P2). = f (P2) I2 = (P2) [6].
, - (. 9.55). - - (. . 9.47), , Z12, . - - , ,
. , . , , 2 = 0 2 = 2 .
, , .
. 9.55. - ()
()
(9.222)
2 3 , , | γ | ≤ 1, 1, ,
(9.223)
, c1 :
(9.224)
(9.225)
, (9.223) (9.225) r12 << 12 r1 << 12, 2 ≥ 2...3 . 1p ≈ 0 1a = 1.
. , , , . , .
. . . 9.28 . , s ≈ (0,2...1,5) s. s ≈ . - , (. ).
, , . U1, r1 , Pc + P ( .) : I0 ≈ Iμ ,
, (9.226)
1, (9.223) (9.225), , , ', b b'. ( ) 1.
|| ≤ 1, , c1 ≈ 0 1 ≈ 1 + 1/12.
(9.227)
1 (9.224) (9.225),
(9.228)
.
(. . 9.55):
Z = c1(r1 + jx1) + j + , (9.229)
(9.229)
(9.229) (9.227) (9.228)
R = a' + , (9.230)
X = b; (9.231)
. (9.232)
(. . 9.55)
:
(9.233)
(9.234)
. (9.235)
(. 9.30).
9.30.
=; 2 =; U1 =.; I1 =; I0a =;
I0 ≈ Iμ =; + .. + =;
.. = : r1 =; r/2 =; 1 =
a / =; a = ; b/ =; b =
/ | - - | ||||||
0,005 | 0,01 | 0,015 | ... | s | |||
R = a + | |||||||
X = b + | |||||||
- | |||||||
- | |||||||
P1 = 3 U1 I1a 10 -3 | |||||||
1 = 3 I12 r1 10 -3 | |||||||
1 = 3 (I11) 2 r/2 10 -3 | |||||||
.. ≈ ... (I1/I1)* | |||||||
= 0,005 1 | |||||||
Σ = + + . + 1 + 2 + . + | |||||||
2 = 1 - Σ | |||||||
η = 1 - Σ / P | |||||||
cos φ = I1a / I1 |
* .. = 0.
s = f (P2), s, 2 (. . 9.77), .
s > s. , , , , s, r'2 '2 (. 9.13).
15 (. 9.17).
. . 9.56 [5]. :
/, ,
(9.236)
I0a (9.266); I0p ≈ Iμ
1 (9.223) (9.225).
(9.237)
. 9.56.
, DK ( 200...250 ), : , /: ; , /: mP = 3 U mI; , /: mM = mP / Ω, Ω = .
1.
0 I0 φ0 φ0 = arccos . A0, , , I0a I0p.
A0 A0F0 || A0F 2γ . - γ < F0A0F . F'0 A0F0 A0F0
| F'0 F''0| = | 0 F'0| tg 2γ ≈ | 0 F'0| 2 tg γ;
A0F . |0'| = 0,5 Dk, ' 0,5DK. F1 A0F' (F' F1) ┴ (A0F) |F1F2| = |A0F1| |F1F3| = |A0F1| . 0 F2 F3, 2 3. |OA1| = 0/m, 0 = P + 3 + , 1 |1'0| || . '0 3. .
DK ' . A0 I0 , '0 . '0 Ix.x, < A'0OB1 cos φ.. 2 (s = 1), 3 I., < 31 s φ.. 2 s = ∞.
03 I1 (0 < s ≤ 1). B P1. 02. ( 2) '03. , , :
, , I1 = mI |OA|;
, , I'2 = mI |A0A|;
, , P1 = m |AN|, AN ┴ ;
, , = m ||, ┴ A0F;
= m ||;
, , 2 = m ||;
|| / |AN|;
cos φ = cos < AOB1;
|D| / ||.
, . , 2, |E'F| = P2 / mp F1F' ┴ A0F ' '03. F FA || '03. FHAH ' I1 2. , '0, , ' ( s > sp).
0 1, 2, 3,..., I1, 1, 2, s φ, η, , s.
m. , .
. . , I1, I2 cos φ , , 2, 1, s η - , . , [6].
. .
9.13.
. , , , , . .
, . , , . . , . , . .
,