1. According to horizontal movements of the tongue the English vowels fall into five groups:
front vowels / i׃, e, æ/;
front-retracted /ɪ/;
central / mid /ə, ɜ׃, ʌ/;
back-advanced / ʊ/;
back / u׃, ɑ׃, ɔ׃, ɒ/;
2. According to vertical movements of the tongue the English vowels tall into three groups:
high / i׃, ɪ, u׃, ʊ/;
mid / e, ə, ɜ׃, ʌ/;
low / æ, ɑ׃, ɔ׃, ɒ/.
These sounds can be of broad and narrow variation. The narrow variation indicates that the distance between the lips is very small, while the broad variation suggests that the distance between the lips is a bit wider. The narrow sounds are: / i׃, u׃, e, ɜ׃, ɔ׃,/. The broad sounds are: /ɪ, ʊ, ə, ʌ, æ, ɑ׃, ɒ/.
3. According to the position of lips English vowels may be labialized / rounded
(/ p, b, w, m/) and non-labialized / non-rounded.
4. According to duration / length the English vowels are long and short.
There are 5 long vowels: / ɑ׃, ɔ׃, ɜ׃, i׃, u׃/. The rest vowels are short.
5. According to the degree of tenseness of speech organs the English vowels may be tense and lax.
All long vowels are tense, while the short ones are lax.
NOTE: In addition to the above principles the English vowels are also classified according to the character of their end.
They may be:
a ) checked (pronounced without any lessening of the force of utterance towards their end). They have a strong end. They end abruptly and are interrupted by the consonant immediately following. Therefore they can only occur in a closed syllable, i.e. a syllable which ends in a consonant sound, e.g. bed, not, pull, hat, speak, type.
b) unchecked / free (pronounced with lessening of the force of utterance towards their end).Therefore they have the weak end. The English long vowels and diphthongs when stressed both in open and in closed syllables followed by voiced consonants are unchecked. The same is true of all the English unstressed vowels no matter whether long or short, e.g. free, card, time, attitude, window, city, father.
The Chart of English and Ukrainian Vowels.
| Horizontal movements of the tongue Vertical movements of the tongue | Front | Front- retracted | Central/mixed | Back- advanced | Back | |
| High (close) | narrow | i׃ | ʊ | u׃ | ||
| broad | ɪ | |||||
| Mid (mid-open) | narrow | e | ɜ׃ɜ | o | ||
| broad | ɛ | ə ʌ | ||||
| Low (open) | narrow | ɔ ɔ׃ | ||||
| broad | æa | a | ɑ׃ ɒ |
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English monophthongs: articulation, graphical rules and training exercises
Vowel No 1. / ɪ / - front-retracted, high, close, non-rounded, short of broad variation.
1. make the lips flat (a little bit spread aside like in a smile), i.e. pressed against the
teeth, the teeth-edge in seen;
2. open the mouth, keeping the lips flat, so as to see the tongue position;
3. press the sides of the tongue against the upper-teeth;
4. raise the blade of the tongue so as to see it blunt through the opening between
the teeth;
5. pronounce the short sound / ɪ /.
Graphical rules
1) - i (in the closed type of syllable); e.g. tin, pin, it.
2) - y (in the closed type of syllable); e.g. gym, syllable.
3) y (in the word final unstressed position); e.g. pity, silly city.
4) ie (in the word final unstressed position); e.g. Margie, Willie, Katie.
Exercise 1 rid- ride ridge tin - pin - flint
grid- bride bridge bit - bib- blint
mince mine - midge kiss - miss- bliss
quince twine - twingo sip- sink - singe
Exercise 2 cryst tryst crypt
myth pyx lynch
styx lynn lydd
Exercise 3 blyth bliss pyx fix tryst brisk
myth miss cyst mist lynch mince
crypt crisp kydkid lynnflint
Exercise 4 city pity FreddieDickie
silly witty Annie Sophie
Imitation Skills Development
1 Please, l i sten a m i nute to K i tt y.
2 S i t st i ll for s i x m i nutes.
3 I ts a p i ty that l i ttle K i tt y l i ves i n a b i g c i t y.
4 S i x l i ttle k i ttens lost their m i ttens.
5 I ts a p i t y they were pr e tt y.
6 J i mmy N i ll w i ll br i ng you to a b i g h i ll.
7 As f i t as a f i ddle.
8 As b u sy as a bee.
9 L i ttle p i tchers have b i g ears.
10 He is swimming. He is swimming in the river. He is swimming in the river
with Tim. Will you come in, he is swimming in the river with Tim.
11Which of the six thin women is a wicked witch?
Vowel No 2. / i׃/ - front, high, close, long, non-rounded of narrow variation, diphthongized.
1. get ready to articulate / ɪ /;
2. begin pronouncing / ɪ / and at the very movement move the tongue-tip towards
the lower teeth; while doing it keep the lips flat and feel sides of the tongue sliding
against the upper teeth;
3. pronounce the long sound / i׃/;
4. pronounce both the sounds / ɪ / and / i׃ /.
Graphical rules
1) - ee -; e.g. see, bee, need, deem, wheel, cheese, cheek, sweep, fleece;
2) - ea -; e.g. read, lead, clean, dean, c.f. head / hed /, dead / ded /, bread / bred /;
3) - e -; (in the open syllable) e.g. Pete, me, be;
4) - ey; e.g. key;
5) -ie-, - ei -; e.g. receive, believe.
Exercise 1 Eve bee been beat live leave
easy dee dean deep sit seat
eat knee need neat filled field
Exercise 2 fee glee tree three skip keep
feel deep dream peace mink mean
be beast fee feature slip sleep
Exercise 3 need neatdeep dean
meet meat sweet week
speech speak been bean
Imitation Skills Development
1 P lea se, bel ie ve m e. Pl ea se, l ea ve m e in p ea ce.
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2 Extr e mes m ee t.
3 S ee ing is bel ie ving.
4 He sp ea ks Chin e se and Japan e se with e qual ea se.
5 My t ea is sw ee t enough.
6 Betw ee n the devil and the d ee p s ea.
7 I like t ea and m ea t.
8 A friend in n ee d is a friend ind ee d.
9 No sw ee t without some sweat.
10 A sailor went to s ea to s ee what he could s ee.
But all he could s ee was s ea, s ea, s ea.
11 Pete; Pete eats; Pete eats lean meat; Steve and Pete eat lean meat; Steve and
Pete eat lean meat and green beans; please, Steve and Pete eat lean meat and
green beans.
12 Stephen meets Eve one evening for a meal. Stephen is greedy. He eats three pieces of cheese. Asleep Stephen dreams of Eve: he sees Eve, fleeing from three beasts.
/i:/ - /ɪ/
1 Come to tea. Come to tea with me. Come to tea with me by the sea. If you are free, come to tea with me by the sea. Do you agree to come to tea with me by the sea?
2 Jean likes gin but gin doesnt like Jean.
3 Sleepy Freda seeks size six slippers to fit her feet.
4 Fish and chips are cheap and easy to eat.
Vowel No 3. /ɑ׃/ -back, open, non-rounded, low, long, tense, broad variation.
1. drop the lower jaw but don't show the teeth;
2. put the tongue tip against the lower teeth and push the bulk of the tongue as
backward as possible;
3. pronounce the long / ɑ׃ / if you hear the / o / shade spread the lips a little.
Graphical rules
1) a (in the 3d type of syllable); e.g. part, car.
2) a before ss, st, sp, sk, ft, th, nt, nch, lf, lm, lv; e.g. pass, past, clasp, ask, task, after, path, plant, branch, half, palm, halves.
3) in the words of French origin with the suffixes ance, and; e.g. France, command. Exception: aunt.
Exercise 1 car calm cart arm far star
far farm part art ask farther
bar bard bark ask the dark garden
Exercise 2 balm palm calf half calves halves
farm charm dart cart half calf
balm barn calf scarf smart tart
Exercise 3 carves calves charms calms
harms halves starves halves
farms calms scarves halves
dance glance chance France
branch planch plant grant
Imitation Skills Development
1 C a st the l a st n a sty c ar d.
2 F ar from eyes, f ar from h ear t.
3 Its enough to make cat l au gh.
4 My f a ther is in the g ar den.
5 C a nt you a sk F a ther or Au nt M ar garet?
6 l au ghs best who l au ghs l a st.
7 A fter a storm comes a c a lm.
8 Each dog b ar ks in his own y ar d.
9 Ar t is long life is short.
10 I shant. I shant dance. I shant dance at the garden party. I shant dance at the garden party at my aunts farm. I shant dance at the garden party at my aunts farm tomorrow.
11 A dark barn is in a large farm-yard. Mark cant park his car in the barn because of a calf and a large cart blocking the farm-yard.
Vowel No 4. / ʌ / - central (mixed), middle, open, short, lax, non-rounded of broad variation.
1. get ready to articulate / ɑ׃ /;
2. make a smaller opening between the teeth and pronounce the sound / ʌ /, if you
hear the / o / - shade spread the lips a little;
3. the neutral vowel / ə / occurs only in the unstressed position and sounds like the
unstressed Russian / A / in the word .
Graphical rules
1) - u - (in the closed syllable); e.g. shut, cut, c.f. put / pʊt /
2) - ou -; e.g. country, cousin, c.f. come / kʌm /, some / sʌm /, tongue
/ tʌŋ /, son /sʌn/, money /mʌni /, fond /fʌnd /.
Exercise 1 nut cut tough country sultry public Dublin
shut bund rough trouble bubble suck stuck
bunch punch couple double tumble buck truck
such much shovel courage custard dusk trust
Exercise 2 sun fun fuss dust musk duck lucky musket
buff puff must bust gull lull funny puppy
shuffle muffle drug bug gun - bump culture vulture
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mud flood cut blood bud love shuttle bus
Imitation Skills Development
1 T ou gh l u ck.
2 You m u st not t ou ch the l u ggage.
3 As sn u g as a b u g in the r u g.
4 S u ch a fine day, you are l u cky.
5 So many c ou ntries, so many c u stoms.
6 L o ve me, l o ve my dog.
7 As h u ngry as a h u nter.
8 Don't tr ou ble tr ou bles until tr ou bles tr ou ble you.
9 A cousin; a country cousin; a country cousin has a bun; a country cousin has a crusty bun; a country cousin has a crusty buttered bun; a country cousin has a lovely crusty buttered bun; a country cousin has a lovely crusty buttered bun for supper.
10 Cuthbert puts some mustard in his mothers custard. Cuthberts young brother wonders why mother doesnt love her other son.
/ɑ: / - /ʌ/
3 Charles; Charles puts; Charles puts mustard; Charles puts some mustard Charles puts some mustard in his custard; Charles puts some mustard in his mothers custard.
4 Charles brother wonders why father doesnt love his other son.
/æ/ - /ʌ/
1 These windows are shattered; those windows are shuttered.
2 I have mashed potatoes with butter; she has mushy potatoes with batter.
Vowel No 5./ u׃, ju׃/ -back, high, close, rounded, long, tense, narrow variation, diphthongized.
Graphical rules
1) u (in the open syllable); e.g. tune, tube;
2) u (in the word-middle position); e.g. suit;
3) ew, eu ; e.g. new, neutral;
4) ou (in the words of French origin); e.g. soup, group;
5) oo (before all consonants except "k"); e.g. moon, soon, c.f. book / bʊk/, blood / blʌd/, good / gʊd /, foot / fʊt/.
Exercise 1 loose Lewis new music moon
mood mute few beauty booty
soon suit neutral duty doomed
NOTE:
The letter u tends to be pronounced as / ju׃ / in the open type of syllable but sometimes the sound / j / can be omitted when preceded by:
1) / r /; e.g. rude / ru׃d /, rule / ru׃l /.
2) consonant + l; e.g. plume / plu׃m /.
3) an affricate; e.g. June /dʒu׃n/.
Exercise 2 use cute mute ruse Bruce flute fume
muse cube tube rune prune June tune
fuse fume hume rude crude plume lute
Exercise 3 book brute good jute
look plume stood spruce
hook hume foot flute
took tune wood fume
Imitation Skills Development
1 The r u ler is on the st oo l.
2 T oo good to be tr ue.
3 R u th cant say a b oo to a g oo se.
4 Pr ue knew wh o is wh o.
5 Id choose blue. Id choose blue shoes. Id choose blue shoes to take to school. Id choose blue shoes to take to school to use. Id choose blue shoes to take to school to use if I were you.
6 Hughs tooth is loose. Hugh shoots a moose and loses his loose tooth.
7 Sue is beautiful. Sue is foolish and stupid at school as a rule.
/ʊ/ - /u: /
1 Look at Luke, pulling a poor fool out of the pool in the wood.
2 This foolish bookish Duke is too full of good food to move a foot.
Vowel No 6. /ʊ/ - back-advanced, high, close, rounded, short, lax, broad variation.
1. press the sides of the lips against the teeth in such a way as to have the lips
very tense and a little bit rounded but not protruded.
2. put the tongue-tip against the lower teeth and push the bulk of the tongue
backward;
3. begin rounding the lips and pronounce / ʊ/, /u׃/.
Graphical rules
1) - - (before k); e.g. book, look, took;
2) - u - (after p, b, f); e.g. pull, full, bull, c.f. butter, but
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3) - ou - (before ld); e.g. could, should, would.
Exercise 1 go pool - pull a good book
could boot - put a good cook
cook fool - full look at the book
Exercise 2 would - wood look - loose
could - cool cook - school
Imitation Skills Development
1 He t oo k the b oo k to school.
2 P u t some s u gar into the p u dding.
3 The c oo k t oo k a g oo d l oo k at the c oo kery b oo k.
4 A g oo d c oo k never c oo ks while l oo king at the c oo kery b oo k.
5 A g oo d beginning makes a g oo d ending.
6 Its g oo d he c ou ld go on f oo t.
7 Have a look at the book. Have a look at the book which I took at a brook. Have a look at the book which I took at a brook and put it on the bookshelf.
8 The cook looks at her cookery book. She puts some sugar in the pudding. The pudding looks good.
Vowel No 7. /ɔ׃/ - back, open, rounded, long, tense, low, narrow variation.
1. get ready to articulate / ɑ׃ /;
2.round the lips, but don't protrude them like in the Russian / o / and pronounce /ɔ׃/.
Graphical rules
1) - or - (in the 3d type of syllable); e.g. port, sport;
2) - ore - (in the 4th type of syllable); e.g. more, ore;
3) au -, - aw; e.g. autumn, law;
4) - a+ll; e.g. ball, small;
5) - a + lk; e.g. talk, chalk.
6) - a+lt; e.g. malt, salt.
7) - ou - + gh; e.g. bought, fought, thought.
8) - au - + gh; e.g. taught, daughter.
Rare spelling: door, floor.
Exercise 1 park pork tor tall talk
card cord cor cord cort
cart cort sor sord sort
part port for form fork
Exercise 2 small talk corks calks
all chalk forks walks
tall balk storks stalks
wall walk pork balk
Imitation Skills Development
1 The h a ll is on the f our th fl oor.
2 New l or ds, new l aw s.
3 Ge or ge was b or n in Au gust.
4 I s aw m ore than f or ty h or ses.
5 Her n au ghty d au ghter M au d is at f au lt.
6 Pride goes bef ore a f a ll.
7 To p our water into a sieve.
8 Of a ll the s aw s I ever s aw a s aw,
I never s aw a s aw as that s aw s aw s.
9 All for one and one for all.
10 It never rains, it p our s.
11 Trust me not at all or all in all.
12 All roses have th or ns.
13 All their daughters are tall. All their four daughters are tall. All the four daughters of Mrs. Crawl are very tall.
14 Maud is short, Paul is tall. Maud is walking on the lawn; Paul is crawling along a wall. Maud warms Paul: Youll fall! Not at all!, retorts Paul.
/ɔ: / - /ɒ/
1 Gordon wants; Gordon wants copies; Gordon wants forty-four copies; Gordon wants forty-four copies of the document.
2 Yesterday John made four copies but Bob poured a cup of coffee all over them.
Vowel No 8. / ɒ/ - back, law, open, rounded, short, lax, broad variation.
1. get ready to articulate / ɑ׃ /;
2. open the mouth still wider than during / ɑ׃ /;
3. round the lips into / o / - like shape;
4. show the edge of the lower teeth and pronounce / ɒ /;
Graphical rules
1) - - (in the closed syllable); e.g. god, bottle, doctor.
2) wa -; e.g. watch, want, water.
3) qua -; e.g. quarter.
4) wha -; e.g. what.
Exercise 1 god got on a dog dogs
not nod odd a cock cocks
dog dock offer a box boxes
log lock oxen a fox foxes
Exercise 2 quad squad wash squad
quash squash watt quad
wad quad what squat
was squab want quant
watch squash what quarrel
Imitation Skills Development
1 R o d o ften g o t into h o t w a ter.
2 L o ts and l o ts of cl o cks and w a tches have g o ne wr o ng.
3 M o llys g o t a sp o t o n her fr o ck.
4 A w a tched p o t never boils.
5 H o nesty is the best p o licy.
6 I am f o nd of our p o nd, of the super fine gl o ss on its m o ss.
7 Dr o p the bl o ck and l o ck the b o x.
8 T o m and his d o g went to the p o nd.
9 A little p o t is soon h o t.
10 Be slow to pr o mise and quick to perform
11 Never put o ff till tom o rrow wha t you can do today
12 Wheres the watch? Wheres the watch I put in my pocket? Wheres the watch I put in my pocket to take to the shop? Wheres the watch I put in my pocket to take to the shop because it has stopped?
13 A dog is squatting on a rotten log.
14 John is strong, Olive is not. Olive watches John loading a locked strong box on a yacht in a lock at the docks.
/ʌ/ - /ɒ/
1 You must come. You must come to Polly. You must come to Pollys office. You must come to Pollys office for strong coffee. You must come to Pollys office for strong coffee with us.
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2 The zoologist wonders about bugs. The botanist wanders about bogs.
/ɑ: / - /ɒ/ - /ʌ/
1 This cross-country runner is last. This cross-country runner is lost.
2 Charles and Dolly, stop hugging and cuddling.
Vowel No 9. / æ / - front, open, low, non-rounded, short, lax, broad variation.
1. make the lips flat;
2. open the mouth wide and keep the teeth-edge seen;
3. press the tongue tip against the lower teeth;
4. pronounce / æ /;
/ / -has two positional allophones: short and half-long, i.e. it may be lengthened in some positions:
a) before voiced consonants; e.g. cab / kæb/, bad / bæd/;
b) before voiced sonorants; e.g. man /mæn/.
Graphical rules
1) - - (in the closed syllable); e.g. cat, map, flag.
Exercise 1 pan tan tank bank marrow sparrow
fan man rank sank cabbage baggage
cat rat back sack gaggle scrabble
bat mat rack pack carrot parrot
Imitation Skills Development
1 A bl a ck c a t s a t on a m a t and a te a f a t r a t.
2 The neck of J a cks c a t is f a t.
3 Th a ts the m a n who s a t on my h a t in the tr a m.
4 Once there lived a Lf a d who was very s a d,
5 For he h a dnt any mother and he h a dnt any d a d.
6 Th a ts b a d gr a mmar.
7 P a t c a nnot c a tch th a t. F a ncy th a t!
8 A rat; a fat rat; catching a fat rat; a cat catching a fat rat; a black cat catching a fat rat.
9 A fat man is clapping his hands.
10 Ann has plaits and black slacks. Harry has a hacking jacket. Harry and Ann are standing hand-in-hand.
Vowel No 10. / e / - front, mid-open, mid, non-rounded, short, lax, narrow variation.
1. make the lips flat; well spread aside;
2. open the mouth a little;
3. press the sides of the tongue against the lower teeth tight and feel the tongue
tense;
3. pronounce / e /.
Graphical rules
1) - - (in the closed type of syllable); e.g. pen, ten.
2) - - (in monosyllabic words); e.g. head, bread, dead.
Exercise 1 pan pen bat bet and end
sat set flat let dam den
bag beg ass mess cat Kent
tan ten mass tress hat het
Exercise 2 mental parental mess mass best test
medical spherical letter latter ten pens
treasure pleasure better batter never again
weather leather shell shall wet net
Imitation Skills Development
1. M a ny m e n, m a ny minds.
2. B e tter late than n e ver, but b e tter n e ver late.
3. B e tter to do w e ll, than to say w e ll.
4. All is w e ll that e nds w e ll.
5. East or W e st home is b e st.
6. She sells eggs. She sells hens eggs. She sells the best hens eggs. She sells hens eggs every Wednesday. She sells hens eggs every Wednesday in the market.
7. Eleven hens have twelve eggs in ten nests.
/e/ - /æ/
1 Franz; friend Franz; Czech friend Franz; Jacks Czech friend Franz; Jacks Czech friend Franzand Pat; Jacks Czech friend Franzand French friend Pat; Jacks Czech friend Franzand Franzs French friend Pat.
2 Ted has Dads hat in his head; Jack has a check cap in his hand.
3 Jacks Czech friend Franz is very expansive; Franzs French friend is very
expensive.
Vowel No 11. /ɜ׃/ - mixed, mid-open, mid, non-rounded, long, tense, narrow variation.
1. get ready to pronounce / ə /;
2. keep the lips in their neutral position; i.e. don't spread them aside, don't round
them;
3. show the teeth without changing the lip-position;
4. open the mouth as wide as you did during / ʌ /;
5. put the tongue-tip against the edge of the lower teeth;
6. see to that no part of the tongue is raised higher than another, i.e. keep the
tongue lower and flat;
7. pronounce /ɜ׃/ keeping the lips, the tongue, the lower jaw motionless.
Graphical rules
1) - -, -u-, --, - - (in the 3d type of syllable); e.g. girl, her, turn, myrtle.
2) - ear - + consonant; e.g. earth, heard.
3) wor -; e.g. work, word.
4) were -; e.g. were.
Exceptions: journey, journalist.
Exercise 1 earn the first verb sir serve serf
early an early bird fur learn hers
earth the thirty first bur bird birth
Exercise 2 occur procureincur inure
incurve secure demur demure
recur endure recurve obscure
furnish fury further jury
furnace purist urban rural
murder mural Turkey fury
urgent during wording purest
Imitation Skills Development
1 The t ur ner came f ir st to his w or k.
2 F ir st come, f ir st s er ved.
3 Many w or ds h ur t more than swords.
4 The w or k shows he w or kman.
5 A little g ir l with a pretty c ur l.
6 One good t ur n des er ves another.
7 Er na is a proverb and byw or d.
8 It is an ear ly b ir d that catches the f ir st w or m.
9 Ear ly to bed, ear ly to rise.
10 A little g ir l with a pretty c ur l.
11 The nurse told nursery tales. Nightly the nurse told nursery tales. Nightly the nurse told nursery tales about gnomes. Nightly the nurse told nursery tales about gnomes to the twins.
12 Heres an early bird with a squirming earth-worm. Theres a serpent, lurking amid the ferns.
13 Pearl is a circus girl. An earl gave Pearle a fur and a circle of pearls for her thirty-first birthday.
Vowel No 12. / ə / - mixed, open, non-rounded, short, lax, broad variation.
1. get ready to articulate / ɑ׃ /;
2. make a small opening between the teeth and pronounce / ʌ /, if you hear the
/ o / - shade spread the teeth a little;
4. the neutral vowel / ə / occurs only in unstressed position and sounds in
different ways:
a) in the word-final position before a pause it has the shade /ə ʌ/;
e.g. butt er, sist er, light er.
b) at the beginning and in the middle of the word it has the shade / ə ɜ׃/;
e.g. a duck.
c) in the neighborhood with / k / and /g/ - shade / ə ɪ/;
e.g. a gain, t o go, t o come.
d) before /d/ and /z/ representing morphemes in words spelt with 'r' it is pronounced as intermediate / ə ɜ׃/ and /ə ʌ/;
e.g. lett ers.
Graphical rules
1) the suffixes - er; e.g. worker,
- or; e.g. doctor,
- ou; e.g. famous.
2) the articles a /ə/, the /ðə/;
3) the letter as a prefix; e.g. asleep.
4) prefixes con-, com-; e.g. consist.
5) the letters , u, in the unstressed position; e.g. sof a, seld o m.
Exercise 1 famous rector asleep consist
fabulous reader assist comprise
marvelous doctor appease contact
hideous breeder accuse commence
Imitation Skills Development
1 Pet er is a fraid o f th e doct or.
2 Alderman Sir Edward Anderson is a prosperous government official at the Treasury. The comfortable apartment of Sir Edward Anderson is at Oldenburg. A professional burglar has entered the apartment by a ladder that was at the back of the house. But an observant amateur photographer has focused a camera on the burglar and summoned a police constable. As the burglar leaves there is a policeman at the bottom of the ladder.
Section 2. The system of English DIPHTHONGS
Diphthong is a monophonemic combination of 2 vowel elements with a gliding articulation. The stressed element (which is always first) is called the nucleus, and the 2nd one is called the glide.
