, (Ca2+), (Mg2+), (Fe2+)1). , .
. .
, . Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42-, Cl- . " ".
Ca2+, Mg2+ Fe2+ , (HCO3-). , , :
Ca2+ + 2HCO3- = CaCO3↓ + H2O + CO2↑
, , "".
- , FeCO3 . Fe(OH)3, - . , , , .
" ", "" ? , . , , ( , . , ., . . , , , . Ca2+ Mg2+ , , , . , . , , , . , , , , . I, , , , . , ! , . , : , . -, , , .
, ! ( !) , , . , , - , .
, 1952 , -/ ( ), :
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(dGH): | |
1 = 1 100000 , 0.719 MgO 100000 , 10 1 , 7.194 MgO 1 .dGH (dH) dKH , dGH , dKH ; |
(fh): | |
1 = 1 CaCO3 100000 , 10 CaCO3 1 ; |
(usH): | |
1 = 1 (0.0648 ) CaCO3 1 (! 3.785 ) . : 17.12 / 3. : 1 CaCO3 1000000 ( , 1 1 000 000 ppm - part per million ( ), . 1/). 1 = 1 CaCO3 1 . ; ( , , ( , , ) , ). |
(Clark): | |
1 = 1 (0.0648 ) 1 (! 4.546 ) = 14.254 / CaCO3. |
?! , :
1 | |||||
-/ | |||||
1 -/ | 2.804 | 5.005 | 50.045 | 3.511 | |
1 dH | 0.3566 | 1.785 | 17.847 | 1.253 | |
1 | 0.1998 | 0.560 | 10,000 | 0.702 | |
1 | 0.0200 | 0.056 | 0.100 | 0.070 | |
1 | 0.2848 | 0.799 | 1.426 | 14.253 |
?
, : " " = 3.25 -/. . , -/ , , 2.804. 3.25 2.804. (dHG). dGH=9.110. , -/, . , , , 14 (usH), , dGH : 14×0.056=0.780. , 1 CaCO3 1 ( ), , 17.12 (. ), , dGH 13.35. .
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( , "" ) . 14 0.78 . -, , 14 . , , , . , , , , ... , .
, CaO CaCO3, : 2)
, (ppm) * | ||||
1 (Clark) 1 (dH)** 1 1 (fh) | =14.3 ppm =17.9 ppm =17.1 ppm =10.0 ppm | |||
1 ppm = 1
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? 14.3 ppm , , . 1 - : , 10 1 . , , 17.9 ppm? "", , : , 3, , 10 ! 3. ? : , ... 40.08+16=56.08 ( ). , :
40.08 | - | 56.08 |
- |
=7.15, 1 dGH 7,15 .
3: 40.08+12+3×16( , ) = 100.09. 40.08, :
40.08 | - | 100.08 |
7.15 | - | Y |
Y 3 ( ), 7.15 . Y=17.85 (, 17.9). , , 1 (10 / ) () 3. ? ! 17.9 / . ?
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40.08 | - | 56.08 |
- | 17.9 |
=12.8 . !
, , , , . . () 3). 3 : 1 . 25 6.7 /, 0.24 -/, dGH=0.670. , , , , ( ), , 3, (Ca2+ Mg2+) , !
, / (, , , ) () .
2 | |||||
1 | , | ||||
2+ | g2+ | ||||
-/ | 2+ g2+ | 1 -/ | 1 -/ | 20.04 | 12.15 |
dGH | CaO MgO | 10 / | 7.19 / MgO | 7.15 / | 4.34 / |
fh | CaCO3 | 10 / CaCO3 | 8.425 / MgCO3 | 4.005 | 2.429 |
usH | CaCO3 | 1 / CaCO3 | 0.8425 / MgCO3 | 0.4005 | 0.2429 |
(Clark) | CaCO3 | 14.254 / CaCO3 | 12.008 / MgCO3 | 5.708 | 3.463 |
, MgCO3. , - ?! , , 3 MgCO3 .
, . . "" ( **), , , dH, . . , . . , . , , . . 4) (.52).
3 | |||||
. dH | . eH | . fH | . usH | suH | |
1 . | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.78 | 17.8 | 7.15 |
1 . | 0.798 | 1.00 | 1.43 | 14,3 | 5.70 |
1 . | 0.560 | 0.702 | 1.00 | 10.0 | 4.0 |
1 . * | 0.056 | 0.070 | 0.10 | 1.0 | 0.40 |
1 . | 0.14 | 0.111 | 0.078 | 0.0078 | 1.00 |
* ppm (parts per million) , 1 1 . |
. , 1, . , " " (suH). , 1 / Ca2+ . 0.14 . : (. 2), 1 dGH 7.15 Ca2+ . 1 suH 0.14 dGH, 1 suH 7.15×0.14=1 /. , . . 1 . , , ( ). , " " 1 / , !
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, " ". , .
(-/, ) , .
, , . : . , " " . .5), ( ). . .