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, (Ca2+), (Mg2+), (Fe2+)1). , .
. .

, . Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42-, Cl- . " ".
Ca2+, Mg2+ Fe2+ , (HCO3-). , , :

Ca2+ + 2HCO3- = CaCO3↓ + H2O + CO2

, , "".

- , FeCO3 . Fe(OH)3, - . , , , .

" ", "" ? , . , , ( , . , ., . . , , , . Ca2+ Mg2+ , , , . , . , , , . , , , , . I, , , , . , ! , . , : , . -, , , .
, ! ( !) , , . , , - , .
, 1952 , -/ ( ), :

(dGH):
  1 = 1 100000 , 0.719 MgO 100000 , 10 1 , 7.194 MgO 1 .dGH (dH) dKH , dGH , dKH ;

 

(fh):
  1 = 1 CaCO3 100000 , 10 CaCO3 1 ;

 

(usH):
  1 = 1 (0.0648 ) CaCO3 1 (! 3.785 ) . : 17.12 / 3. : 1 CaCO3 1000000 ( , 1 1 000 000 ppm - part per million ( ), . 1/). 1 = 1 CaCO3 1 . ; ( , , ( , , ) , ).

 

(Clark):
  1 = 1 (0.0648 ) 1 (! 4.546 ) = 14.254 / CaCO3.

?! , :

1
-/
1 -/   2.804 5.005 50.045 3.511
1 dH 0.3566   1.785 17.847 1.253
1 0.1998 0.560   10,000 0.702
1 0.0200 0.056 0.100   0.070
1 0.2848 0.799 1.426 14.253  

?
, : " " = 3.25 -/. . , -/ , , 2.804. 3.25 2.804. (dHG). dGH=9.110. , -/, . , , , 14 (usH), , dGH : 14×0.056=0.780. , 1 CaCO3 1 ( ), , 17.12 (. ), , dGH 13.35. .

( , "" ) . 14 0.78 . -, , 14 . , , , . , , , , ... , .
, CaO CaCO3, : 2)

, (ppm) *
1 (Clark) 1 (dH)** 1 1 (fh) =14.3 ppm =17.9 ppm =17.1 ppm =10.0 ppm
1 ppm = 1
* , (3), ().
** "dH" , .

 

? 14.3 ppm , , . 1 - : , 10 1 . , , 17.9 ppm? "", , : , 3, , 10 ! 3. ? : , ... 40.08+16=56.08 ( ). , :

40.08 - 56.08
-  

=7.15, 1 dGH 7,15 .
3: 40.08+12+3×16( , ) = 100.09. 40.08, :

40.08 - 100.08
7.15 - Y

Y 3 ( ), 7.15 . Y=17.85 (, 17.9). , , 1 (10 / ) () 3. ? ! 17.9 / . ?

40.08 - 56.08
- 17.9

=12.8 . !
, , , , . . () 3). 3 : 1 . 25 6.7 /, 0.24 -/, dGH=0.670. , , , , ( ), , 3, (Ca2+ Mg2+) , !
, / (, , , ) () .

2
1 ,
2+ g2+
-/ 2+ g2+ 1 -/ 1 -/ 20.04 12.15
dGH CaO MgO 10 / 7.19 / MgO 7.15 / 4.34 /
fh CaCO3 10 / CaCO3 8.425 / MgCO3 4.005 2.429
usH CaCO3 1 / CaCO3 0.8425 / MgCO3 0.4005 0.2429
(Clark) CaCO3 14.254 / CaCO3 12.008 / MgCO3 5.708 3.463

, MgCO3. , - ?! , , 3 MgCO3 .

, . . "" ( **), , , dH, . . , . . , . , , . . 4) (.52).

3
  . dH . eH . fH . usH suH
1 . 1.00 1.25 1.78 17.8 7.15
1 . 0.798 1.00 1.43 14,3 5.70
1 . 0.560 0.702 1.00 10.0 4.0
1 . * 0.056 0.070 0.10 1.0 0.40
1 . 0.14 0.111 0.078 0.0078 1.00
* ppm (parts per million) , 1 1 .

. , 1, . , " " (suH). , 1 / Ca2+ . 0.14 . : (. 2), 1 dGH 7.15 Ca2+ . 1 suH 0.14 dGH, 1 suH 7.15×0.14=1 /. , . . 1 . , , ( ). , " " 1 / , !

, " ". , .
(-/, ) , .
, , . : . , " " . .5), ( ). . .





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