.


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, ;

, ? (standard deviation) , .

(σ) = ,

()


σ = [ P1 (1 - ())2 + 2 (2 - ())2 +.... + n (n - ())2]

(10.2)

, , 10% (,

σ= 1,0 (10% -10%)2 = 1,0 (0,0) =

Genco

σ = [(0,2)(30% -10%)2 + (0,6)(10% -10%)2 + (0,2)(-10% -10%)2]

σ = 12,65%

Risco

σ = [(0,2)(50%-10%)2+(0,6)(10%-10%)2+(0,2)(-30% - 10%)2!

σ =25,30%

Risco , Genco, Genco.

, , . , . , , . 10.3.

. 10.3. . 10%, 20%.

, , . (, <, , .) .

, " " " ". (confidence interval) , ( ""), . , , , , , 0,68. 0,95, 0,99.

, , 10% 20%. , 0,95, , _ (10% 20% = 50%), (10% - 2 20% = -30%). , _ -30% 50%, , .

 

10.
, 0,99?

 

, . , , , . , .

, , ; , ; .

, . ; .

, , , . . , .

, , , , .

, , : , , ; ;

, ;

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: , ; , , , .

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.

: , . . , .

- . -, , , , . -, . , .

, , .

, , , : .

 

(risk aversion), 329

(risk management), 329

(risk exposure), 330

(speculators), 331

(hedgers), 331

(precautionary saving), 331

(risk-management process), 334

(actuary), 336

(hedging), 338

(insuring), 338

(diversifying), 338

(moral hazard),

(adverse selection), 344

( ) (life annuity), 344

(portfolio theory), 345

(probability distribution), 346

(mean), 346

, (standard deviation),346

(volatility), 347

(expected rate of return),347

(continuous probability distribution), 350

(normal distribution), 350

(confidence interval), 350

 

10.1. , , 100000 . , , , 150000 . 0 , ? . . , .

10.2. , - (, , ). , .

.

.

10.3. . ?

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, .

.

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.

, .

10.4. , , - ?

. , , .

10.5. , , , , .

. .

( ).

( ).

( ). .

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( ).

10.6. , , '. , . ?

. 100000 . . - , "", 100000 . .

10.7. ?

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10.8. , , .

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10.9. , , , . ?

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10.10. , XYZ : -50%, 50% 100% . XYZ?

.

= Q)(-50%) + Q)(50%) + ()(100%) = 33,33%

(33,33 50) {33,33-50)

= (= 62, %)(33,33-100)2

10.11. , 0,99?

. .

1. , . , , . ? .

, . ? ߻ ?

2. , , , 25000 . , 15000 . ( ).

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I , . . - , , , , ? ?

. , , 100000 .

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, , 1000 .: , 8%,

' , : 3%.

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* , 8% 7 , lt 8,5% 15 , -

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30 , , -' ; 30 > , 6% 2% 1 12% .

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8. 7 .

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9. , . ?

10. , Microsoft Lotus Development Corporation.

:

 

  Microsoft   Lotus Development Corp.  
  10% 15% -12% 20% 7%   9% 12% -7% 18% 5%  

. Microsoft Lotus'! b. Microsoft Lotus?

. , Microsoft Lotus , . .

 

:

() 4, , , . , , ( ) , ( ), . , 611 . , .

, , . , . 20000 . 36 , 402,84 . . , (20000 .) 8% (APR), , (402,84 .)7. , 36 8907,06 . , , .

? . 10.1 .

36 402,84 . , , , (, , ), 8907,06 . ( ) 8907,06 .

 

10.1. ;

  , .   , .  
  402,84 402,84   0 8907,06 8907,06  

, , . , 8907,06 . . , , 8.

, , , 11000 ., , , , . , (8907,06 .) 2093 . .

, . , (, , , ), .

APR ; 4. -Wu APR 8% /?%.

, . , 1 -. , , , -' . , " ". 15.






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