, , , , . , , .
(adding logs method), :
χ2 = Σ - 2 ln p.
, . ., - , χ2- (df), (N), (. . df = 2 N). , . ( 5). , - , . , , . . , . , ., . , , . , . . .-. , , . , , - .
, t, :
.
t, (standard normal deviate), t -, t -. t - , , , t. t - , (df) t 10. , , t 10, . . ., , ., , , , .
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, , Z (adding Z'smethod), -, , , - :
.
. , Z -, Z . (N). , - , , . , I II .
, , . , . , . , , . (Edgington's adding probabilities and testing mean p models), Z - Z (the adding weighted Zs and testing mean Z models), .