Ëåêöèè.Îðã


Ïîèñê:




To have




to let + bare Inf.

To bid

Here we find the Objective Infinitive Construction only if the object is expressed by a noun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive. This restriction does not apply to the verbs to suffer, to have.

Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning.

She … had never allowed the name of John Gordon to pass her lips.

He ordered the room to be aired.

The doctor ordered the patient to be ready for the operation. = to be prepared (by the nurse)

The teacher asked the books to be brought.

s uffer + Obj. Inf. C = íåîõî÷å äîçâîëèòè, äîçâîëèòè (ç âàæêèì ñåðöåì)

not suffer + Obj. Inf. C = íå äîïóñòèòè

not have + Obj. Inf. C =íå äîïóñòèòè

Mr. Dombey suffered Florence to play with Paul.

She suffered Mr. Franklin to lead her back into the room.

Miss Jemima could not suffer Becky to leave the Academy without a present.

#I won’t have you speak like it, dear Tess.

7. After verbs denoting compulsion

to make + bare inf. ïðèìóñèòè

to cause ïðèìóñèòè, â³ääàòè ðîçïîðÿäæåííÿ

to get – äîáèòèñÿ

to have + bare inf. ïðèìóñèòè,âåë³òè, ùîá

to induceçìóñèòè

to force - ïðèìóñèòè

to urge – ïðèìóñèòè, ñïîíóêàòè, ïåðåêîíóâàòè.

Light steps in the gravel made him turn his head.

The noise caused her to awake.

She caused a telegram to be sent to him.

I cannot get her to finish her lessons.

Mr. Dalrymple had the dragman bring in the soap.

We urged him to take steps.

I wish I could bring you to see my point.

I cannot bring myself to believe.

The teacher had the pupil fetch some chalk.

8. After certain verbs requiring a prepositional object: t o count (up)on, to rely (up)on, to look for, to listen to, to wait for: I rely on you to come in time. Can’t I count upon you to help me?

The gerund, however, is also possible here, e.g.: I rely on your coming in lime.

After the verb to listen to the Infinitive is used without the particle “to”.

He was listening attentively to the chairman speak.

 

 

The For – to – Infinitive Construction

 

In the for – to – infinitive construction the infinitive (usually an infinitival phrase) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case introduced by the preposition “for”.

The construction is used where the doer of the action (or the hearer of the state), expressed by the infinitive, is different from that of the finite verb (the predicate).

 

The doer of the action of the finite verb and of the infinitive is the same.   The doer of the action of the finite verb and of the infinitive is not the same.
We are sorry to leave the seaside so soon. We are sorry for you to leave the seaside very soon.
I have closed the window not to catch cold. I have closed the window for her not to catch cold.
He longed to see the truth. He longed for me to see the truth.
All I want is to get out of here for good. All I want is for Jack to get out of here for good.

In translating this construction into Ukrainian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used:

He longed for me to see the truth.

³í äóæå õîò³â, ùîá ÿ ä³çíàâñÿ ïðàâäè.

The construction can have different functions in the sentence. It can be:

1. Complex subject (often introduced by the introductory “it”): For me to hear him was disturbing. It was difficult for him to do anything else.

Exceptions:

The for-to-infinitive construction cannot be used after:

nice

kind

It’s sensible of somebody to do something ç âàøîãî áîêó …

silly

stupid

It’s nice of you to help him. – Ìèëî ç âàøîãî áîêó, ùî âè äîïîìîãëè éîìó.

2. Complex predicative. In this function the construction is usually used with the link-verb “to be”: That was for him to find out. What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.

3. Complex object. The construction functions as object of both verbs and adjectives:

a) She watched for the door to open. He asked for the papers to be brought.

b) His family were anxious for him to do something. I’m so glad for you to have come at last.

Complex object may also be introduced by the formal “it”: I think it necessary for you to take a taxi. I believe it best for you to stay here. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell the truth.

4. Complex attribute: There was no need for him to be economical. There’s nobody here for me to play with. Where is there for me to go?

5. Complex adverbial modifier of purpose: She paused for him to continue. He stepped aside for me to pass.

6. Complex adverbial modifier of result/consequence:

easy

too old for somebody to do something

young

 

easy

old enough for somebody to do something

young

He spoke loud enough for her to hear.

The wall was too high for anything to be visible.

Exercises:

1. Insert the infinitive with the particle “to” before it where necessary:

1. She began (to talk) of Moscow. 2. I don’t want them (to think) you in the wrong. 3. It was a command from her mother, and there was nothing for her (to do) but (to obey) it. 4. You must (to take) care not (to offend) her. 5. I’d rather not (to go) home that way. 6. “I think we’d better (to go) and (to get) dry,” he said. 7. I stood by the door and watched him (to take) the drinks over to Wells. 8. “Do you want (to write)?” – “Of course.” – “Then why not (to write) it?” 9. It heartened Mary (to hear) him (to speak) so lightly. 10. How dare you (to interfere) with my private concerns? No, don’t speak. Don’t try (to excuse) yourself. 11. Liza felt herself (to grow) red to the tips of her toes. 12. I had not seen Jimmie (to lose) his temper before. 13. Mrs. Carey rose (to help) her (to lay) the cloth. 14. Why not (to make) him a doctor like his father? 15. He would never cease (to regret) his lost opportunities. 16. I want (to begin) (to earn) my corn. 17. I used (to spend) a lot of time in Robinson’s rooms. 18. He never let himself (to be) angry.

2. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle “to” where necessary:

1. I want (to go) to the East. 2. That was the last thing she expected (to hear) him (to say). 3. At that hour she was unaccustomed (to disturb) by anyone. 4. She couldn’t let herself (to cry). 5. He wished (to make) the most of his opportunity. 6. He seemed (to think) over what he wanted (to say). 7. I watched the shore (to come) close, then (to swing) away, then (to come) closer. 8. He wants (to congratulate) you in person. 9. “As soon as Joe gets here,” Mel instructed, “I want (to notify) wherever I am.” 10. The question is, what had I better (to do) with this house? 11. Wrap up my lunch, child. I must (to go) now. 12. He doesn’t like (to keep) waiting. 13. I don’t like (to see) men (to cry). I don’t even like (to see) women or babies (to cry). 14. I hate (to leave) our fine house. 15. They do nothing but (to talk) about it all day long. 16. There was nothing (to do) but (to knit) all day long. 17. His face showed his grief and how upset he was, and his eyes seemed (to ask) for consolation. 18. He had felt that they should (to bring) up by their mother. 19. But he dared not (to ask) what was in her mind. 20. He felt that her friends ought (to choose) for her. 21. “We’re just going in,” he said to Bosinney; “You’d better (to come) back to dinner with us.” 22. The street and the house were quiet, but from St Charles Avenue and beyond could (to hear) distant sounds of the awakening city. 23. I have never heard anyone but them (to do) so.

3. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle “to” where necessary:

1. I decided (to make) a fuss, and went (to look) for Robinson. 2. We walked to the door and I saw her (to go) in and down the hall. I liked (to watch) her (to move). 3. Let’s (to go) and (to find) him, he’s sure (to be) in front of his picture. 4. It’s very interesting (to hear) you (to say) that. 5. Some important decisions must (to make) soon. 6. You must (to do) something heroic at that time. 7. I think he must (to suffer) from injury now. 8. You must (to dream) of it long. 9. She liked, passionately (to like), (to think) worthy of confidence. 10. Let me (to hold) the baby, Scarlett. Oh, I know how (to hold) babies. 11. She noticed that he seemed (to look) at the sideboard and with her engaging smile leaned forward. 12. Do you want (to make) something (to happen)? 13. But there is something else (to do). 14. I have not done much for you. You might (to ask) much more at that time. 15. “If you’ve got nothing to say,” I said, “Why (to try) (to say) it? Why not (to have) a little rest?” 16. There was one more announcement (to make).

4. State the syntactic function of the infinitive:

1. He began to describe in detail the beauties of the picture. 2. She didn’t trouble to put on a hat. 3. To dine there on a June evening was a delight. 4. The only thing she could do was to give advice. 5. We used to spend a lot of in a Greek club. 6. They planned to spend their two week’s summer holiday in London. 7. I’d better come round and see what I can do for you. 8. He had other things to think of. 9. His boots stood in front of the fire to warm. 10. She was silent as they continued to walk. 11. Harry refused to go with them. 12. It is depressing to read about depression. 13. You’d better go home and talk it over with your husband. 14. He was not the man to take back the offer he had made. 15. I don’t think I look strong enough to drag a baby up the mountain. 16. I know I ought not to have come here. 17. He was too timid to speak. 18. She hurried away to fetch an egg. 19. Our aim was to find Robinson’s house. 20. I don’t want to quarrel with you. 21. His pipe ceased to draw. 22. I nodded and tried to look pleased. 23. I think the pain is going to start again at any minute.

5. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets:

1. He must (to read) something funny; he is smiling all the time. 2. They seemed (to learn) the news; they looked excited. 3. This book is said (to sell) out already. 4. I am glad (to introduce) you. 5. The box was (to handle) with care. You should (to ask) someone (to help) you. This might not (to happen). 6. This man must (to sit) here for about an hour. Who can he (to wait) for? 7. Her mood seems (to change) for the worse. We had better not (to speak) to her now. 8. The first thing (to do) was (to get) somebody (to take) the luggage to the station. 9. Look how animated they are! It must be nice (to dance) like that. 10. I am sorry (to disappoint) you but I did not mean anything of the kind. 11. He is happy (to award) the first Landscape Prize for his picture. 12. He was anxious (to take) the first place in the figure skating competition. 13. The poem can easily (to memorize). 14. This poem is easy (to memorize). 15. I meant (to ask) you about it long ago but I had no opportunity. 16. I did not expect (to ask) this question. 17. There were so many things (to do), so many experiments (to try). 18. Don’t you worry about him, he is sure (to have) a good time at the moment. 19. Why (to go) into that matter at all? 20. The teacher expected him (to give) a better answer at the examination. 21. They are supposed (to experiment) in this field for about a year and are believed (to achieve) good results.

6. Choose the proper form of the infinitives in brackets:

1. I’ve tried (to plan, to have planned) you a house here with some self-respect of its own. 2. “Well,” he said, “there’s nothing more (to see, to be seen) here.” 3. Did he ever ask you (to engage, to be engaged) or talk about marrying? 4. What happened is a very long time ago. I’m going (to ask, to have asked) her to let bygones be bygones. 5. Henet was one of those people whose fate is (to devote, to be devoted) to others and to have no one devoted to them. 6. It had been the Christmas Eve custom of the Carter’s (to hang, to have hanged) up their children’s stockings and (to fill, to have filled) them with inexpensive toys. 7. George Mellis was (to meet, to have met) his wife the evening before at Dark Harbour, but he had not shown up. 8. She watched him with lips ready (to speak, to have spoken) at any minute. 9. I had no cases of special interest (to attend, to be attended). 10. He meant (to come, to have come) and (to see, to have seen) them but failed to do so.

7. Use the infinitives in brackets in the appropriate form:

1. It was foolish not ______ (to call) a doctor, but I did not, well, out of respect for her feeling. 2. She was prepared _______ (to think) wrong-headed, but not naïve. 3. Come, I have finished _______ (to dig) and am going _______ (to plant). 4. I’m deeply sorry _______ (to involve) you in this. 5. At home Mrs. Goff would have kept my supper. You had to be on the dot _______ (to feed), so I usually went with one or the other _________ (to have) cheese rolls and beer. 6. Don’t expect comfort. You’ve just got ______ (to be) thankful if we get bed _______ (to sleep) on and a roof over our heads. 7. “Perhaps,” suggested Rollock, “the man didn’t want ________ (to see) turning into the house from the road.” 8. At last Mor allowed himself _______ (to persuade). 9. “Do you want _______ (to come) in and (to wash) up?” he asked suddenly. “No, thanks,” said John. “I ought ________ (to go) home – my wife‘ll be worried.” 10. I began _______ (to walk) very slowly.

8. Use the infinitive in brackets in the appropriate form after the modal verbs:

1. Old Jolyon said simply, “I suppose I oughtn’t _______ (to come) here, Jo.” 2. I fancy he must ________ (to take pains) to conceal what happened. 3. “You shouldn’t ________ (to leave) your lift door unbolted, miss. You really shouldn’t.” “I shan’t again,” said Pat, with a shiver. 4. If you don’t mind – I should much _______ (to oblige) if you would stay. 5. She knew that she ought _______ (to jump) out of bed, put her arms round her mother, and attempt to comfort her. 6. He wished Chilla was still there, and he could _______ (point) her out to him. 7. He must ________ (to get) tired of going up and down in lifts. 8. They’re all grown up, as old as the hills, and Mama thinks you might ___________ (to bore). Should you mind staying here? 9. On this she left the room, and, glancing at my watch, I hurried out to pay some visits that ought _________ (to make) earlier in the day. 10. “Why, you’ve been crying,” he said. “You oughtn’t _________ (to cry) at your age.”

9. Turn the following sentences into sentences with complex subject:

Model: It seems that he is not in the habit of coming in time. – He seems not to be in the habit of coming in time.

A. 1. It seemed to him that his father was inclined to be patient with him. 2. It was felt that she was perfectly capable of taking care of herself. 3. It is believed that his advice was ignored. 4. They say that he is honest. 5. A group of people at the gangway saw that the boat came into harbour.

Model: He was taken aback. (to seem) – He seemed to be taken aback.

B. 1. She is busy today. (to seem) 2. The situation has changed a lot. (to appear) 3. The Crimea was visited by numerous hikers last summer. (to know) 4. He didn’t have any money with him. (to happen) 5. Amy Driffield would never speak to me again. (unlikely)

10. Complete the following, using the correct form of the infinitive; translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. He seems (to choose) books for a whole hour. 2. He didn’t answer at once. He seemed (to clear) his throat. 3. You always seem (to leave) your things all around the place. 4. She looks sad. She appears (to hear) the news. 5. She didn’t seem (to look) at me but at somebody behind. 6. She heard the remark, but she didn’t appear (to hurt). 7. He seems (to wear) the same suit the whole year. 8. She didn’t seem (to interest) in the problem. 9. He seems (to fail) with his new job. 10. The letter doesn’t seem (to reach) him. 11. They seem (to use) this method for years. 12. Why did he rush away so suddenly? He seems (have) some business to attend to.

11. Paraphrase the following so as to use a complex subject, use the verb in brackets:

1. Life begins at 40. (to believe) 2. Tastes change with age. (to say) 3. The lecture will be attended by all the students. (to suppose) 4. The department will have to employ another ten people in connection with the seasonal rush of orders. (to expect) 5. The driver has crossed the traffic lights when they were red. (to believe) 6. The results of the experiment surpassed all expectations. (to say) 7. The new play was received with indifference. (to say) 8. Atlantis, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, first mentioned by Plato sank into the sea. (to say) 9. The Greek and Roman myths and legends are an important part of our cultural heritage. (to consider)

12. Transform the following sentences into sentences with complex object:

Model: I still consider they are right. – I still consider them to be right.

A. 1. He saw that the woman turned round the corner. 2. They required that I should arrive at 8 a. m. 3. The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 4. I believe that they are very good at physics and other pure sciences. 5. He did what he could, though considered he got little thanks for it from his wife and five kids.

Model: She reddened on hearing these words. (to see) – He saw her redden on hearing these words.

B. He went downstairs. (to hear) 2. They married a year ago. (to believe) 3. He ate much and slept after lunch. (to force, to induce) 4. His clothes looked smart. (to like) 5. I feel quite at home here. (to make)

13. State the syntactic function of the “for – to – infinitive – construction”:

1. On the first occasion it was necessary for him to indicate his requirements to her. 2. The top of this was covered with a thin layer of soil and coarse grass and shaded with young trees. There was not enough soil for them to grow to any height. 3. He waited impatiently for Eliza to go on. 4. There is nothing for you to do but leave at once. 5. The best thing is for you to do it now. 6. She spread jam for him and cut up the bread and butter into convenient slices for the child to eat.

14. Define the function of the “for – complex”:

1. I think it dangerous for us to go to the Crimea in this old car. 2. He has reached the age when it is necessary for him to think of the future. 3. The idea was not clear enough for young people to understand. 4. My advice is for you to keep away from colds. 5. There was nothing for them to argue about. 6. We stopped the bus for the tourists to get on. 7. It was a reasonable remark for her to make. 8. The best thing is for you to send them a telegram. 9. The streets were too busy for us to drive fast. 10. He repeated it twice for everybody to understand him. 11. That day there was no business for me to attend to. 12. It’s important for a woman to always be dressed in good taste. 13. He held the door open for her to come in. 14. We are sorry for you to have left the seaside so soon. 15. The climb was too dangerous for us to risk our lives.

15. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use “for – to – infinitive –construction”:

1. Sandy stood at the kitchen door waiting till Miss Browdie came for a walk by the sea. 2. It is time that you should go, Tom. 3. There was nobody who she could speak to. 4. A peasant was walking wearily towards us, and we waited till he came up to us in order to ask the way again. 5. Janet sat and waited till they went away. 6. She then sat down in Mrs. Anthony’s chair and waited till the kettle boiled. 7. Was it possible that she could forget him? 8. Then she made her way to the kitchen where the tray had been set by Mrs. Anthony and waited till Mrs. Pettigrew made the tea. 9. He waited till she spoke.

16. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Îíà ïîçâîíèëà, ÷òîáû îíè íàâåñòèëè åå â íà÷àëå ñåíòÿáðÿ. 2. Äæåéí áûëà î÷åíü ðàäà, ÷òî ìîæåò ïîåõàòü îòäûõàòü ñî ñâîåé ñåñòðîé. 3. Îíà ãîâîðèëà äîñòàòî÷íî ãðîìêî, ÷òîáû âñå ìîãëè åå õîðîøî ñëûøàòü. 4. Îíà æäàëà, ïîêà Àííà âåðíåòñÿ ñ ïðîãóëêè. 5. Îíà æäàëà, ïîêà ìóæ çàïëàòèò çà òàêñè. 6.  âîñåìü ÷àñîâ äåòè âîøëè, ÷òîáû ñêàçàòü ñïîêîéíîé íî÷è, è ïîäîøëè ê ìàòåðè, ÷òîáû îíà ìîãëà èõ ïîöåëîâàòü. 7. Ìîèì äðóçüÿì áûëî òðóäíî óñïåâàòü çà ìíîé. 8. Îí ïîçâîíèë, ÷òîáû ñåñòðà ïðèãëàñèëà íîâîãî ïàöèåíòà. 9. Ìíå òðóäíî ïîäíèìàòüñÿ ïî ëåñòíèöå.

17. State the function of a simple infinitive or an infinitive construction:

1. Surely it is not at all necessary to go into details. 2. I rose to receive my guests. 3. He seems to be satisfied to be doing nothing. 4. Passing by a radio – shop he suddenly remembered to buy some tape for his recorder. 5. At the sight of the man I felt an impulse to laugh. 6. Her first action was to visit the establishment of a famous dressmaker. 7. I could not help but tell him everything about the past two months. 8. He was too astonished to speak. 9. It is a great pleasure to make your acquaintance. 10. The best thing Lanny could do was to get out of here. 11. Soon the boy began to take an interest in his surroundings. 12. To know London is to know the contrasts of a big capitalist city. 13. He waited for her to speak but it seemed that her answer would never come. 14. It is said that the best way to see London is from the top of the bus. 15. I would like to get these shoes half – soled. 16. I want you to tell me what you know of the East End. 17. Lanny watched Mabel go.

THE GERUND

The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalised preserving at the same time its nominal character.

The gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.





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