- New locomotives to be built by the end of the year will have ventilating fans of a new type.
- One of the most important railway problems is the problem of increasing train speed.
- The new locos to be produced for the October line are expected to develop maximum speed of more than 200 km/h.
- We saw the new locomotive start from the station.
- Fuel oil supply to the diesel engine is provided from the oil tank through filters by two pumps driven by electric motors.
- Fifteen 1,800hp diesel-electric locos are to be delivered to the Brazilian Railways, all of them having been produced by the Hungarian plants.
- The first World Locomotive Exhibition are stated to have been held in Vienna in1873 and in Paris in 1878, a Hungarian locomotive being awarded the Grand Prix in 1878.
- The Hungarian Type DYM-11 1,000 hp diesel-locomotive built for the Egyptian Railways was developed on the base of DVM-8 locomotive.
11.
1. .
- How do the workers prepare the right-of-way?
- On which foundation are ties and rails laid upon?
- How have the methods of railroad building changed in recent years?
- What is the modern method of railway construction?
- What efficient machines are used in track construction?
- What makes railways so popular in our life?
- What must railways ensure the passengers with?
- How do railways test the condition of the track?
- How do the railwaymen call a strip of land on which the railway is built?
- What machines are used in order to prepare the strip of land for the construction of a railway?
The track construction
It is not an easy job to build a railway. The railway is built on a strip of land which is called the right-of-way ( ).
The right-of-way must be carefully prepared for laying down the tracks. At first, it must be cleared from trees, bushes and then graded () by special machines known as grades.
After the right-of-way is cleared and graded the permanent way is constructed. Ties and rails are laid upon the ballast foundation and the ballast is packed between the ties and on each side of the track to hold the ties in place.
The methods of railroad building have changed greatly in recent years. The greatest change has been the replacement of hand labor by machines, such as powerful bulldozers, huge excavators, scrapers, grades, etc.
The most modern method of railway construction is laying the track in pre-assembled () lengths, that is, the lengths of rails to which the sleepers are already attached. This work is carried out by a high-speed track-laying crane, a wonderful machine which lays pre-assembled lengths of track in a few minutes. One of the most efficient machines of this kind is the Platov track-laying crane an output of 900-1000 meters of track per hour.
Today's railways would not be so popular but for the ever increasing speed. Super-high speeds, however, go hand in hand with safety. Indeed, no passenger would dare to go by rail unless the railways were able to ensure safe travel.
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Safety depends on many factors. First of all, it is determined by the condition of the track. Track-testing cars driven slowly along the lines show the engineer where the track must be repaired and a great deal of track maintenance machines are available to keep the track well maintained.
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railway track, sleepers, gauge, load, vehicle, permanent way, temporary, durable, length, track laying work, formation construction requirements, rolling stock, suburban operations, commuter, fare, railway transport needs, high speed railway traffic.
3. , - , .
- Electronic computers have appeared on railroads of many countries. Railways introduced a new type of freight cars for transporting cement.
- Today more powerful machines are being developed to speed up the process of building railways. The combination of rails, ballast and ties is known as the railroad track.
- Powerful locomotives are used to draw long trains. Ballast is the element of the track which supports ties and rails and holds them in position.
- Now sleepers on high-speed lines are made of concrete. In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
- Long -welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds. Railroads are used for transportation of freight and for travel.
- A special mechanizm is used on railways to make the trains pass from one track to another. Railways have become the most efficient and the safest means of transportation.
- The sleepers for high speed railways are made of concrete. The gauge on Russian railways is wider than in European countries.
- A wide network of railways has been electrified. The greater weight of concrete sleepers provide the greater stability of track.
- Russia was the word's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted by all railways. The place where the ends of the rails
meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
- The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track. The train reduces its speed when it is coming up to the station.
12
1. .
- What kind of tractive power is used on suburban lines?
- What countries are among the earliest to be converted to electric haulage?
- What requirements does the ER-200 train meet?
- How much time does the ER-200 train need to cover the distance between Moscow and Petersburg?
- What made it possible for the ER-200 train to attain higher speeds?
- What made it possible to facilitate the job of a driver in the ER-200 train?
- What equipment do the coaches of the train ER-200 have?
- What is the shape of the ER-200 train?
- What do the passengers of the train have at their disposal?
- How much time do the passengers require now to get from Moscow to St. Petersburg?
"Railway electrification
World railways are now busy in search of ways to increase their economic efficiency and the speeds of passenger and goods trains. One essential condition to achieve this is electric traction.
In spite of having a relatively short history electric traction has made a remarkable progress. Now one can say railways perform valuable service on every continent.
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When we study the geographical location of the routes over which electric traction is employed, we see first of all that the suburban railway routes of big cities with their dense and constant traffic are operated by electric trains. We see again, that the heavily-used trunk lines are most efficiently operated by electricity. Further, railways in mountainous country, with heavy, gradients, are among the earliest to be converted to electric haulage.
ER-200 train now operating on a commercial basis is worth mentioning. This train meets the requirements of high speeds, safety and passenger comfort. A lot of preparatory work had to be done on the Oktyabrskaya Railway before the ER-200 was put into service. Running on some sections at 200 kp/h the train covers a distance of 650km between Moscow and Leningrad in 4 hours 39 minutes thus cutting the journey time by 4 hours compared with the previous schedules.
Many latest achievements of railway technology have been incorporated in the new Soviet express train. The stream -lined shape of the whole train cuts down air friction and allows higher speeds to be attained. The driving compartment being equipped with cab signaling, the driver has at all times, signals displayed before him. The job of the locomotive driver has been greatly facilitated. Pushing a controller is all he must do to start or brake down the train.
The coaches the ER-200 is composed of are extremely comfortable, being supplied with air-conditioning, sound-proof windows and soft aircraft-like seats. The passengers who happen to travel by the new Soviet express have snack-bars at their disposal. Their journey is accompanied by background music.
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an electric traction, electric motors, electricity, discovery, the current transmission, power supply, unsuitable, circuit, overhead line,
high speed electric train power, direct and alternating currents, the introduction of electric traction on railways, rectifiers.
3. :
- Electrification is one of the ways to increase the railway efficiency. In designing high-speed vehicles we must take into account control equipment, tractive power and stability.
- The substations located along the line convert a.c. to d.c. A special rail is used on the underground railways to conduct electricity to the trains.
- If the trains run with very shot intervals, we say that the railway carries dense traffic. The generation of electricity from the sun energy is now quite realizable.
- The operation cost of electrified railways is relatively low. All electrified trunk lines use the overhead power supply system which is called catenary.
- High efficiency and great reliability are the chief advantages of electric haulage. Metro trains are furnished with electric current by means of the conductor rail.
- The electric energy which drives the trains may be taken from the overhead wire. To convert a railway to electric haulage will require costly reconstruction work.
- The speed attained by modern trains is often limited by the conditions of the track. The voltage of the electric current is lowered at the substation.
- The speed record on electrified railways belong to the French locomotives. The high cost of automic control system is economically justified.
- Electric haulage is particularly attractive in mountainous countries. After electrification this line will be serviced by multiple-unit trains.
- Due to numerous machines less time is required for the workers to repair the catenary. The transformers are used to lower the voltage of the alternating current.
13.
1. :
Modern Russian passenger cars
The Russian railways are known to be the most important form of transportation in this country and they will maintain their dominant position for a very long time in future. Different types of passenger and freight trains can be seen on Russian railways. We are to distinguish long-distance and suburban trains as a well as express, fast and local trains.
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As a rule, any long-distance train is to consist of several comfortable sleeping cars and some coaches for those who travel only by day. Luggage and mail cars are usually placed at the train head. The luggage cars have large sliding doors through which trunks and other articles of baggage may be loaded and unloaded. Besides that, every train is supposed to have a restaurant or dining car. All cars are fitted with a hot water heating system and are lighted with electricity. Sleeping cars are always of a corridor-compartment type, each compartment having four berths.
Unlike sleeping cars, all coaches are cars with double row of seats and gangway between the rows. Toilets and compartments for the attendants are provided at each end of the coach. The passenger saloon are finished internally partly with veneer and partly with plastics and synthetic materials which have become quite common in recent years and are widely used nowadays for passenger car construction.
There are many routes in Russia on which diesel multiple-unit trains run. Suburban diesel train sets of modern design operate on Russian Railways. These sets consist of two power or motor cars and two intermediate trailers, the number of seats in motor cars being 77, in trailers 128. Fittings include luggage racks and coat hangers. Special air heating and ventilation system maintains the proper temperature inside the car. In summer when the heating is off, the same equipment provides ventilation.
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corridor-compartment type car, head end cars, four-car sets, attendant compartment berth, large baggage car doors, passenger saloon seats, long-distance train cars, end coach seat arrangement, coach end seat rows, peak hour commuter trains.
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This car was built at the Riga Works, it is used on international lines.
The history of cars is very interesting, it should be studied properly.
Everybody must know that the first sleeping cars were invented in the USA.
Electric train cars were built at the Riga Works.
A great number of cars is being built now for all railways of our country.
The car which you could see in the deport will be coupled to the train 15.
New cars are usually tested in a special train.
The cars that are built today become more and more comfortable.
Modern passenger cars are very strong since they are made of steel.
Washrooms are provided at both ends of the car.
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