ADDITIONAL TEXT
Read the text carefully. Be ready to fulfil the tasks that follow.
BONES AND MUSCLES
Muscles and bones work together. The bones make up the skeletal system, which provides structural support, sites for muscle attachment, and organ protection. Osseous tissue, or bone, as it is more often called, consists of cells and collagen fibers interspersed in a matrix of intercellular material containing calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, which are responsible for hardness. Together, these substances account for two-thirds of the weight of bones, while the collagen fibers, which reinforce the tissue, account for the other third.
In addition to bone, another important connective tissue in most skeletal systems is cartilage, which unlike bone, is both firm and flexible. Bone is usually considerably harder and more brittle. Most sharks and rays have skeletal systems composed of all cartilage and no bone. Some other primitive groups of fish have less bone than cartilage in their skeletal systems. In most other vertebrates, however, cartilage is located only where firmness and flexibility are needed, such as in joints, nose, ears, larynx, and trachea. During the development of the skeletal system of these vertebrates, the embryos begin with cartilaginous skeletons. Gradually most of the cartilage is replaced by true bone.
Depending on the construction of the particular bony tissue, it can range in consistency from being completely spongy to being very compact. The spongy bone contains many spaces filled with marrow which is either composed of fat or involved in the production of blood cells. In the case of relatively lighter animals such as birds, the spaces may be filled with air sacs. Compact bony tissue is thicker and usually involved in support. Such bones can resist considerable weight and stress.
Compact bones are penetrated by blood vessels and nerves through small narrow openings, some of which are known as Haversian canals, whose microscopic structure is identified by the characteristic concentric rings of bony tissue surrounding them. These rings are composed of cells that were involved in producing the bony tissue. Spongy bone doesnt contain Haversian systems, nor does cartilage. Materials are exchanged through the blood vessels and bone cells that penetrate the Haversian canals. This is the only way for materials to move to and from the cells living throughout bony tissue.
The movements of different parts of the body all depend on muscular contraction, on the location of the origins and insertions, and on the type of joint involved. Muscles usually work antagonistically. That is, when one group of muscles contracts, it will pull part of the body one way. Alternately, when the antagonistic group of muscles contracts, it will pull the same body part in the other direction.
POST-READING TASKS
1. Discuss the following questions:
a) What substances are found in skeletal systems? What are their functions?
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b) How do muscles work antagonistically?
Write an essay describing the structure of the skeletal system.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Put in the construction there + be in the correct tense form.
1. one theatre and five cinemas in our town.
2. We enjoyed our holidays very much. a lot of places to go in the evening.
3. many types of cells, and just as many classifications to go with them.
4. We stayed at a very nice hotel. a swimming pool and other places to entertain there.
5. We didnt visit the museum. too much traffic, therefore we were late.
6. some lovely old houses and traditional shops in the historical part of the city.
7. two pictures and a big oval mirror on the wall.
8. Dont be in a hurry. a train at 10.30 a.m. tomorrow. We have enough time for sightseeing in the historical part of the city.
9. too much traffic and noise in the centre of the city. be a big problem about living here.
10. Where can I buy a newspaper? a shop at the end of the street.
11. When we arrived at the cinema, a long queue to see the film.
12. Why are those policemen outside the bank? a robbery.
13. Last week I went back to the town where I was born. Its very different now. a lot of changes.
14. I think everything will be OK. I dont think be any problems.
15. Twenty years ago many tourists here. Now only few.
Ex. 2. Put in there is /was / will be / has been / should be / in negative and interrogative forms.
1. The journey took a lot of time. There was a lot of traffic.
2. There is a bookshop near here. I think, the book you are looking for, is available here.
3. When we got to the cinema, there was a long queue outside.
4. There was a trouble at the club last night. They had to call the police.
5. There will be a lot of people at the party.
6. There is a flight to London this evening.
7. There is nothing to do here.
8. There was an interesting program on TV yesterday.
9. There will be a day off tomorrow, lets spend it with our friends.
10. It is very convenient that there is a lift in my house.
11. There are some mistakes in my paper.
12. There was much noise in the street.
13. There are some ways of solving this problem.
14. There must be a lot of noise from the traffic.
15. There are three children in my sisters family.
16. There are other elements present in some proteins, e.g. magnesium.
17. There is somebody waiting for me at the entrance door.
18. There are some children swimming in the river.
19. There was a big red car parked outside the road.
20. There has been a big rise in the cost of living.
21. There should be an equal chance of X and Y sperm meeting an ovum, and therefore equal members of girl and boy babies should be born.
Ex. 3. Compare there and it. Correct mistakes.
Model: They live on a busy road.It must be a lot of noise. -WRONG.
There must be a lot of noise.
1. Last winter it was very cold and it was a lot of snow.
2. I wish it was warmer. I hate cold weather.
3. It used to be a church here, but it was knocked down.
4. Its a long way from my house to the nearest shop.
5. Why was she so unfriendly? It must have been a reason.
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6. I dont know who will win but its sure to be a good match.
7. Where can we park the car? Dont worry. Its sure to be a car park somewhere.
8. After the lecture it will be an opportunity to ask questions.
9. I like the place where I live but it would be nicer to live by the sea.
10. I was told that it would be somebody to meet me at the station but it wasnt anybody.
11. How far is it to the airport?
12. It is hot in summer. It was windy yesterday.
13. Its going to be a nice day.
14. Its a long way from here to the airport.
15. Its dangerous to walk in the road.
16. If people drove more carefully, it would be fewer accidents.
17. Look at the sky. It would be a storm.
18. If people werent aggressive, it wouldnt be any wars.
19. It was a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.
Ex. 4. Put in there is / was or it is / was.
1. The journey took a long time a lot of traffic.
2. Whats the new restaurant like? good?
3. a bookshop near here? Yes one in Hill street.
4. When we got to the cinema, a queue outside. a very long queue, so we decided not to wait.
5. I couldnt see anything. completely dark.
6. trouble at the club last night. They had to call the police.
7. How far from Milan to Rome?
8. Keiths birthday yesterday. We had a party.
9. three years since I last went to the theatre.
10. I wanted to visit the museum but enough time.
11. time to go Yes, nearly midnight
12. A few days ago a storm. a lot of damage.
13. a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.
14. anything on television, so I turned it off.
15. an accident in King Street but very serious.
Ex. 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct subject or object pronoun.
1. Joe is late. Has called? Its not like to be late.
2. Nick is lucky. has a good job and earns much more than do.
3. Marie works hard, because wants the boss to give a pay rise.
4. Where is Sarah? Isnt that over there?
5. She is older than am, but Im taller than .
6. Im sick and tired of this job. too.
7. John gave a great idea. It is so inventive, isnt it?
Ex. 6. Fill in the gaps with there or it or one.
1. A: Did you enjoy the party?
B: No. werent many people there. was boring.
2. A: is someone on the phone for you. I think is David.
B: Hold on. Ill be there in a minute.
3. A: Was that a Ferrari going past?
B: I didnt see .
4. A: Look! is your friend!
B: Oh yes! s Ian.
5. A: When did you last see a film?
B: I havent seen for months.
6. A: Have you got your umbrella with you?
B: No, wasnt raining this morning, so I left at home.
7. A: Did you sleep late yesterday?
B: Yes, by the time I woke up, was lunch time.
8. A: Have you got a computer?
B: No, I had , but I sold .
9. A: Look at this mess. are toys everywhere.
B: Sorry. Ill tidy up.
10. A: Did you visit the Acropolis?
B: No, wasnt enough time.
11. A: Could I have the bill, please?
B: Certainly. Ill bring at once.
12. A: seems to be a mistake in this report.
B: Oh, sorry, Ill type again.
13. A: Josie is very pretty.
B: Yes. doesnt matter what she wears, she always looks good.
Ex. 7. Put in object pronouns.
1. This letter isnt for . Its for him.
2. Who is that girl? Why are you looking at ?
3. We are going to the theatre. Do you want to come with ?
4. Where are my gloves? You are sitting on .
5. I want that English book. Please give to .
6. I dont eat sweets. I dont like .
7. Im talking to you. Please listen to .
8. My sister has got a new job, but she doesnt like very much.
9. Where is Alice? I want to talk to .
10. This is my new car. Do you like ?
11. He wrote to Sarah, but she didnt answer .
12. We are going for a walk. Why dont you come with .?
13. This letter is for Sarah. Can you give it to ?
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14. Are there any messages for ?, asked Sally.
15. Where are my keys? Where did I put ?
Ex. 8. Fill in possessive adjectives.
1. We always wash hands before eating anything.
2. Wipe feet before you come in.
3. I trapped finger in the door.
4. He lost jacket at the party.
5. He hit knee on the table.
6. I like shoes. I wonder where she bought .
7. feet hurt because shoes were too tight.
8. She invited me to... new apartment.
9. He has decided to give up job and theres nothing you can do to stop him.
10. He has got a pain in chest. He must consult a doctor.
11. He is sick and tired of job. He should change it.
12. Susan is friend. She is colleague, too.
13. He missed flight, so he was the only one who didnt attend the conference.
14. She invited a lot of people to party. She knew most of them from work.
15. People living abroad often miss friends and family.
Ex. 9. Fill in object pronouns and possessive adjectives in the letter by Rachel:
Dear Carol,
Thank you for letter. I really enjoyed reading . Have children started new school yet? Im sure they will enjoy . very much once they settle in and make new friends. Mary and John asked me for new address, so I gave to . I hope you dont mind. I saw Anne last week. She said she would phone you this week to invite you to birthday party. Well, Im going to aerobics class now. Please write to soon.
Love,
Rachel
Ex. 10. Fill in the gaps with of or on where necessary, adding my, your, his, her etc. own.
Models: If they had a garden of their own , they could grow flowers.
I want my own flat.
1. John is lucky. He has got a computer .
2. Dont treat me like a child. Ive got a mind .
3. I dont need a lift to work. I ve got car.
4. They hope to set up business one day.
5. Havent you got book? Youre always taking mine.
6. Their house is big, so Harry can have a room .
7. Were saving up money to buy a flat....
8. You cant eat my sweets. Buy some .
9. Brian usually cuts hair.
10. Vera and George would like to have their house.
11. Id like to have a garden so that I could grow vegetables.
12. I like living own.
13. Did you go on holiday own?
14. Learner drivers are not allowed to drive own.
Ex. 11. Fill in possessive pronouns.
Model: Ive bought a new camera. This camera is mine, not yours.
Im writing to a friend of mine.
1. Is this book or...?
2. Its their problem, not .
3. I didnt take my umbrella, so Alice gave me .
4. We went in our car and they went in .
5. It was a nice performance, Harry came together with a friend .
6. Whose book is this? Its .
7. Whose money is this? Its .
8. Whose children are these? They are .
9. Shes going out with a friend .
10. I played tennis with a friend .
11. Shes meeting a friend this evening.
12. He gave me his address and I gave him .
13. They gave you address and you gave them .
14. We went on holidays with some friends .
15. Michael had an argument with a neighbor .
Ex. 12. Complete these sentences using reflexive pronouns. Use the following verbs in the correct form:
Fix, make, organize, teach, paint, decorate, dress, grow
Model: Annie didnt buy her wedding dress. She made it herself.
1. Do you like these flowers. I .
2. Look at this picture. My son .
3. What a beautiful room! Did you ?
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4. I didnt call the plumber to fix the pipe. I .
5. He didnt have piano lessons. He .
6. My son is only three, but I dont dress him. He .
7. Nobody helped Julie with the party. She .
Ex. 13. Fill in each other or one another.
1. How long have you and Alice known ?
2. I need you and you need me, we need .
3. In Britain friends often give presents at Christmas.
4. Nora and I dont see very often these days.
5. Theyve had an argument. Theyre not speaking to at the moment.
6. Dont worry about Tom and me. We can take care of .
7. The students ask questions in English.
8. Wed never met before, so we introduced ourselves to .
9. We often write letters to .
10. Real friends support in case of troubles.
Ex. 14. Fill in the gaps with some, any, no or one of their compounds.
Model: A: Is there anything good on television tonight?
B: I dont know. Look in the newspaper.
1. A: Would you like to eat?
B: No, I dont want , thank you.
2. A: There is here to see you.
B: Who is it?
3. A: I went to Janes house, but there was at home.
B: Perhaps she has gone nice for the weekend.
4. A: I have time to do all this work.
B: Is there I can do to help?
5. A: Was the party good last night?
B: Not really. There were hardly people there.
6. A: I have to go shopping, but I dont have money.
B: Ill lend you . if you like.
7. A: Have you seen Michael ?
B: No, I havent seen him.
8. A: The town was very busy today. There was to park.
B: They should build new parking facilities.
9. A: What would you do if you were lost?
B: I would ask for directions.
10. A: Is there you would like to go this weekend?
B: Id like to go nice and quiet.
11. A: This place is crowded.
B: Shall we go else?
12. A: Would you like to drink?
B: Yes. please. Can I have lemonade? (request)
Ex. 15. Read the dialogue and underline the correct item. (Bill has lost his keys.)
A: There is nothing / something more annoying than losing something / anything.
B: What have you lost?
A: My keys. They must be anywhere / somewhere in the house, but Ive got no / any idea where. I cant find them nowhere / anywhere.
B: Are you sure you havent left them nowhere / anywhere by mistake?
A: Of course not. They cant be somewhere / anywhere else but here. No one / Someone must have hidden them.
B: Why would no one / anyone hide your keys? There is any / no reason for anyone / no one to do something / anything so silly.
A: Well, I need some / any help to find them. I have to go anywhere / somewhere important this afternoon.
B: Calm down. Its some / no use getting angry about anything / something like this. Look! There are no / some keys on that chair.
A: They are mine! Oh, I feel so silly!
Ex. 16. Fill in the gaps with this, that, these or those
1. That car over there belongs to the mayor.
2. people over there are waiting for the bus.
3. My cousin is staying with me week.
4. is my favourite painting.
5. Listen to . Its really funny.
6. Hello. is Helen.
7. room hasnt got enough light.
8. was a great party. We enjoyed ourselves.
9. She lost her job. s awful.
10. Ive got a new job. s wonderful news.
11. Mum, is my teacher, Miss. Jones.
12. are my holiday photographs. Would you like to look at them?
13. Hello, is Jane Black speaking.
14. The day I got married was wonderful. I will remember day for ever.
15. I had a wonderful childhood. We did things differently in days.
Ex. 17. Complete the sentences using one or ones with the following words: better, big, clean, different, new, old, green, white, fast, another, dark blue.
Model: This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one.
1. Im going to sell my car and buy .
2. Thats not a very good photograph but this is .
3. I want todays newspaper. This is .
4. This box is too small. I need .
5. Why do we always go to the same restaurant? Lets go to .
6. I dont like the red shoes, but I like the .
7. 7. Which flowers do you want? The .
8. Is there a train to Moscow tonight? Yes, there is in an hour.
9. These biscuits are not tasty. Can we have .?
10. I dont like the brown coat, but I like .
Ex. 18. Fill in many, much, how many, how much or a lot.
Model: A: Shall we go out tonight
B: I cant. I dont have much money, Im afraid.
1. A: Can you help me?
B: Im sorry. I havent got time at the moment.
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1. A: potatoes are in that bag?
B: Seven, I think. Why?
2. A: What did you do on your holiday?
B: Well, I read and I relaxed on the beach.
3. A: There isnt milk left.
B: Well, Ill buy some later this afternoon.
4. A: homework have you got?
B: Quite . Id better start now.
5. A: Did you enjoy your dinner?
B: Yes. I ate and Im very full.
6. A: Mark is a wonderful athlete.
B: Yes. He has won competitions.
7. A: Are there flowers in the garden?
B: Yes, and they are beautiful too.
8. A: Are you very busy?
B: No. I havent got to do today.
9. A: She has got clothes.
B: I know. She wears something different every day.
10. A: times have you seen this film?
B: Three times, but always cry at the end.
11. A: food should we take on the picnic?
B: Oh, enough for all four of us.
12. A: Have you travelled to places.
B: Yes, I go to a different country every year.
Ex. 19. Underline the correct item.
Model: I have a lot of records, but very few / little/ very little CDs.
1. We have very little/ very few/ few spaghetti, so I cant make Spaghetti Bolognese.
2. Im tired. I didnt get many/ much/ few sleep last night.
3. Ive made many/ much/ a lot of notes but I havent written my essay yet.
4. This coffee is bitter. It needs a few/ a little/ little more sugar.
5. I have invited a few/ a lot of/ much people to the party.
6. I dont have many/ much/ few time at the moment. Ill talk to you later.
7. I have had a few/ very few/ very little success in my search for a job.
8. There are much/ a lot of / a little reasons why he should go to university.
9. Id love to come to the beach. I just need a few/ a little/ many minutes to get ready.
10. There are much/ little/ few people who are as hardworking as James.
11. I have little/ a little/ a few work to do before I can leave.
12. I made a lot of/ a little/ a few biscuits this morning. Would you like to try one?
13. There werent few/ much/ many people in town today. It was very quiet.
14. There is a little/ little/a few chance of his getting the job. He has no experience.
15. There is very little/ little/ very few coffee left. We need to buy some more.
Ex. 20. Underline the correct item.
Oliver has got two jobs, but neither / neither of them pay very well. He has had more jobs already than most/ most of people have in their whole lives, but none/ none of them really suited him. It is a shame, because he spent several / several of years at college and has got some/ any good qualifications. Either of / Both his parents are very proud of him for getting a good education, but each of / neither of them can understand why he cant find a suitable job. He buys several / most newspapers every week and looks carefully through each of/ every one of them to see if any / no good jobs are being advertised. He applies for every one of/ every available position, but often receives some / no reply. He still believes that he will find his ideal job one day.
UNIT 7
GRAMMAR: TENSE FORMS IN PASSIVE.
TEXT S: THE BLOOD SYSTEM. BLOOD.
