1. Различные функции окончания – ed
Окончание -ed употребляется для образования II и III форм стандартных глаголов.
1. То be + III форма — Passive Voice.
2. То have + III форма —Perfect Tense.
3. Past Indefinite Tense.
4. III форма глагола — причастие в функции определения, стоит до или после определяемого существительного.
Иногда бывает трудно провести различие между третьим и четвертым случаями употребления глаголов с окончанием -ed. Во избежание ошибок при переводе следует помнить, что: II форма глагола является сказуемым в прошедшем времени (Past Indefinite Tense) и всегда имеет активное значение. III форма глагола является причастием в функции определения и всегда имеет пассивное значение. Обнаружив глагол с окончанием -ed (в самостоятельном употреблении), необходимо выяснить, нет ли в предложении другого глагола (сказуемого) в личной форме. Если его нет, то глагол с окончанием -ed является II формой, т. е. сказуемым.
Не invented a machine. — Он изобрел машину.
Если же в предложении имеется другое сказуемое, то глагол с окончанием -ed является III формой, т. е. определением:
The machine invented by him was of great value. — Машина, изобретенная им, была очень ценной.
Примечание 1. Если после глагола с окончанием -ed стоит предлог by, то это, как правило, III форма (так как предлог by указывает на пассив).
Примечание 2. Если в предложении два глагола с окончанием -ed стоят подряд, то первый из них III форма (после существительного), а второй II форма (после глагола).
The results obtained differed depending on the substance used. — Полученные результаты были разными в зависимости от примененного вещества.
Примечание 3. При логическом выделении глагол в III форме стоит в начале предложения и переводится пассивом.
Presented in the paper are new data on this subject. — В статье представлены новые данные по этому вопросу.
Associated with this is another phenomenon. — С этим связано еще одно явление.
Упражнение 37. Определите сказуемое и переведите предложения:
1. The method applied increased the accuracy of the results. 2. After a heated discussion the laboratory applied the method improved by Dr. N. 3. The scientist theoretically predicted complicated interaction between the components involved in the process. 4. At that time the problem presented increased danger of radioactive contamination and encountered opposition at most laboratories concerned. 5. The hypothesis concerned synthesized materials and did not apply to natural products. 6. Heat resistant materials developed in the last decade produced a revolution in a number of industries. 7. Automatized information processing radically modified the method devised. 8. The crystal produced revealed cracked faces.
Упражнение 38. Прочитайте и п ереведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагольные формы с окончанием - ed:
1. Mathematics, mechanics, statics and geometrical optics referred to as classical disciplines started mathematical traditions in the
history of natural science. 2. The heads of the laboratories were asked
questions formulated and agreed upon by a group of sociologists. 3. The
scientist's eloquence substituted for logical argumentation in defending an "extreme" viewpoint failed to win the audience over. 4. The
mixture allowed to stay overnight gradually decomposed. 5. The physicists showed that particles thought of as "elementary" were in fact
"non-elementary". 6. The subjects dealt with under this topic aroused a
heated discussion.
Упражнение 39. Пр очитайте текст, проследите последовательность событий, обращая внимание на Ved – формы:
Last month our laboratory developed a new technique required for thermodynamic studies of a two-phase system. The technique allowed us to obtain results predicted by theory. The results obtained disagreed with earlier data reported by Dr. D. At our laboratory seminar Prof. S. suggested a new model to account for the mechanism of the process involved in the system. The model suggested described adequately the thermodynamic peculiarities studied by Dr. D.
Упражнение 40. Прочитайте и п ереведите предложения, определяя функции глагольных форм с окончанием - ed:
1. The usual procedure is that information storage is followed by information analysis. 2. The procedure proposed provided the required mechanism of reaction. 3. The opening session of the Congress was preceded by a meeting of the General Assembly to elect a new president. 4. It must be admitted that the problem of science classification can be approached from several viewpoints. 5. There are fields which cannot be dealt with on a national scale only, such as environmental protection, space exploration and so on. 6. The difficulties encountered by anyone who attempted to solve the problem are much greater than those faced the endeavour to reach the summit of Mount Everest. 7. In most important applications cotton has been substituted for by synthetic tires. 8. The rate of the reaction is affected by the change in such parameters as concentration, temperature and pressure. 9. Under these circumstances one is faced with a magnified form of a danger common to all inventions: a tendency to use them whether or not the occasion demand. 10. In most cases the solution of such problems is called for by Industrial needs. 11. It is often argued that in the 20th century we are left with no expansion of wisdom and with greater need for it. 12. These ideas are hardly recognized as mathematics at all by the people trained in the classical branches of the subject. 13. Some diseases may show only when an organism containing mutant genes is influenced by certain factors of the environment. 14. No attempts have been made to list all the contributions in which different procedures have been developed and later used. 15. Recent discoveries in all sciences have been greatly assisted by the developments in contemporary search techniques dealt with in the last section of this book. 16. The congress attended by scientists from all the institutions concerned attracted much attention and was referred to as a most representative forum in this field.
2. Функции - ing - формы.
Глагольные формы с окончанием -ing могут иметь следующие функции:
1. Отглагольное существительное. Обладает по крайней мере одним из трех признаков существительного (артикль, окончание множественного числа -s, предлог of после него).
The savings of workers. — Сбережения рабочих.
2. Герундий. После предлогов или глаголов, показывающих на начало, конец, продолжение процесса или отношение к процессу.
3. Герундиальном оборот. Формула: предлог + притяжательное местоимение (или существительное) + инговая форма.
I did not know of her having been ill. — Я не знал, что она была больна.
There are unmistakable proofs of Pauling's having been wrong. — Имеются несомненные доказательства того, что Полинг ошибался.
The possibility of ethylene being converted into aromatic hydrocarbons is slight. — Возможность того, что этилен превратится в ароматические соединения, незначительна, или: Возможность превращения этилена в ароматические соединения незначительна.
4. Перфектный герундий (Active) Формула: having + III форма смыслового глагола («перфектная инговая форма»). Показывает, что процесс (действие, обозначенное герундием) совершился или совершится до другого действия (перфект). Переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением.
I did not speak of having read this book. — Я не говорил о том, что (уже) читал эту книгу.
5. Перфектный герундий (Passive) Формула: having been + III форма смыслового глагола. Показывает, что процесс совершился до первого действия и что подлежащее не является деятелем этого процесса.
After having been discussed the report was published. — После обсуждения доклад опубликовали.
6. Continuous Tense (Active). Обычно сказуемое.
Формула: to be + инговая форма смыслового глагола. Употребляется при обозначении действия, происходящего в определенный момент в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени, когда нас интересует не так само действие, как время его протекания.
I am working. — Я работаю сейчас. I was workin g at 5 о 'clock. — Я работал в 5 часов. I shall be waiting for you at 7 о 'clock. — Я буду ждать вас в 7 часов.
7. Continuous Tense (Passive). Всегда сказуемое. Формула: to be + being + III форма смыслового глагола.
The letter is being written. — Письмо пишут сейчас.
Сочетание глагола to be с III формой глагола указывает на пассив. То, что глагол to be стоит в Continuous (to be + being) указывает на Passive Continuous.
The experiments are being carried on. — В настоящее время опыты продолжают.
8. Participle I (Причастие I) в функции обстоятельства.
Указывает, когда, как, при каких обстоятельствах совершилось главное действие. Переводится на русский язык деепричастием.
Going home I met my friend. — Идя домой, я встретил друга.
Причастие в функции обстоятельства часто употребляется после союзов while, when, if. Эти сочетания часто переводятся деепричастием: while working — работая; when investigating — исследуя.
9. Participle I (Причастие I) в функции определения.
Стоит рядом с определяемым существительным и имеет активное значение. Переводится на русский язык причастием настоящего или прошедшего времени действительного залога, оканчивающимся обычно на -щий и иногда на -вший.
The running boy was very tired. — Бегущий (бежавший) мальчик очень устал.
The boy running at some distance looked tired. — Мальчик, бегущий (бежавший) на некотором расстоянии, выглядел усталым.
10. Абсолютный причастный оборот.
Формула: подлежащее + - ing форма (при отсутствии личной формы глагола). Может начинаться с непереводимого with.
With the isomerization preceding the reaction, the yields were very low. — Поскольку до реакции происходила изомеризация, выходы были очень низкие.
With the experiments (having been) carried out, we started new investigations. —После того как опыты были закончены, мы начали новые исследования.
Упражнение 41. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Ving - формы:
1. Establishing relationship between the phenomena of the Universe is a major task of theory. 2. Having reported of his discovery of rays of unknown nature Bequerel excited the curiosity of Marie Curie. 3. Realizing the necessity for a different approach the physicists reluctantly abandoned the project. 4. Confining his attention to one problem the scientist will surely achieve its solution much sooner. 5. Putting the discovery to use sometimes requires more effort than making it. 6. Pointing out their mistakes to some people is often quite difficult. 7. Every new idea is immediately taken up and developed further, forming the initial point of an avalanche-like process. 8. It has been shown that there is a distortion of the crystal lattice, accompanying the charge-ordered state. 9. What is worth doing is worth doing well. 10. At this stage innovation becomes a group and not an individual activity, involving both a sophisticated body of information and a sophisticated techno1ogy. 11. Soon Pierre Curie joined Marie Curie in her search for "mysterious" substance, giving up his own research. 12. It is no good stressing a paradox if you wish to excite curiosity of the audience unprepared for the lecture. 13. In 1913 Bohr proposed the solar theory of the atom, giving rise to still greater activity in both theoretical and experimental nuclear physics. 14. Some people have been so scared reading aboutharmful effects of smoking that they gave up reading. 15. Now mention should be made of the fact that geochemistry applies the concepts of chemistry to terrestrial circumstances, studying the distribution of elements in the course of geologic evolution. 16. The editor could not help detecting many errors both of fact and of thinking. 17. Are these prognoses really worth making? 18. To find out more about the space scientists sent little moons, or satellites, circling in orbits above the Earth.
Упражнение 42. Переведите часть предложений в скобках, используя следующие словосочетания:
to aid in freeing; to aim at understanding; to be concerned with measuring and analysing; to be interested in constructing; to be responsible for modernizing; to insist on making use of; to prevent scientists from making; to result from combining; to result in establishing; to succeed in working out.
1. His research (привело к установлению) a new principle. 2. The success of the space research program (явился результатом соединения) the latest achievements in science and technology. 3. Using modern installations and techniques the scientists (удалось решить) а complicated engineering problem. 4. Pure science (стремится постичь) the laws of the material world. 5. Traditionally chemists (занимались измерениями) the properties of matter and (анализом) the reactions by which some chemical substances are transformed into others. 6. A quantum chemist (интересует построение) adequate mathematical models of atomic and molecular structures. 7. Prof. E. was the first to see the advantages of the new approach and (настаивал на использовании) it to interpret the results. 8. Adequate theories often (избавляли ученых от проведения) many useless experiments. 9. This group of engineers (ответственна за модернизацию) the laboratory equipment. 10. The advent of electronic computers (способствовалo освобождению) man's brain from the labour of measurement and computation.
Упражнение 43. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Ving - формы:
1. It is correct to say that basic research is directed toward understanding the foundations of nature without taking into account their practical applicability. 2. Finding an adequate solution to this most urgent technological problem will surely require much time and still more effort. 3. Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal. 4. Let's proceed by dividing research into three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process may be automated without endangering creativity. 5. Such a configuration, in addition to being amenable to analytical treatment, has significant practical importance. 6. Being interested in the subject which you are studying is the best motivation for learning it. 7. Fundamental research is that which you undertake without caring whether the results will be of practical value or not. 8. The scientist and public must equally share the responsibility for finding a desirable solution to many modern technological and social problems. 9. In determining the mechanism of genetic information transmission biochemists have observed that "the language of life" is really a simple and elegant code. 10. Taking into account individual components resulted in a radical change of the entire system. 11. One of the ways to solve the problem of feeding the ever-growing world population is by turning fishing from a hunting to a farming operation. 12. Several review committees were formed, including a special environmental group. 13. Increasing the amount of available technical information scientists also contribute to transformation of some well-rooted beliefs.
Упражнение 44. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Ving - формы:
I. Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied mathematics, the distinction being, in fact, of recent origin. 2. At one time a giant lake extended from Vienna to the Aral Sea, its last descendants being the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea of today. 3. They took all the measurements during the actual operation of the machine, this being the usual practice in those days. 4. With everyone being a layman in most fields but his own, it is very important to exchange information on major developments. 5. The universe is now essentially composed of about 90 percent hydrogen and 9 percent helium, with the remaining 1 percent accounting for the more complex atoms. 6. The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to another institute. 7. Originally a mathematician, he became engaged first in theoretical physics and then in space research, all these fields being closely interconnected. 8. The possibility of there being life on Mars is very doubtful. 9. The most interesting of these phenomena is the reduction of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, each concentrated at a different interface, two being out of immediate contact with air. 10. This is the principle of inertia— if something is moving, with nothing touching it and completely undisturbed, it will go on forever at a uniform speed in a straight line. 11. An understanding of these particles, in spite of their being connected with the basic forces of the universe, presents a tremendous challenge to the human intellect. 12. The test consists of repeated measurements of intensity with various sizes of apertures being used. 13. The difference between the two values probably accounts for the measured sensitivity being higher than that predicted by theory. 14. One of the objectives of carrying on research at the university is to provide intellectual exercise for the lecturer. This is achieved by the lecturer doing research between lectures and other duties. This presupposes the necessary equipment being available at the university. 15. Man's principal function in space being maintenance and repair work is beyond any doubt. 16. The 35-year gap in the appreciation of Mendel's discovery is often attributed to Mendel's having been a modest monk living in an out-of-the-way Moravian monastery. 17. A few more functional elements, germanium perhaps being a good candidate, may be discovered in the future.
