GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies the territory of the British Isles. It is situated off the Northwest coast of Europe. The UK consists of four parts. They are: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK is situated on the British Isles. There are some 5.500 islands. The two main islands are: Great Britain and Ireland. They are separated from the continent by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The west coast of the country is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea, the east coast is washed by the North Sea. The area of the UK is some 244,100 km2. Its population is over 57 million people.
English is the official, but not the only language used in the country.
Britain has been many centuries in the making. The Romans conquered most part of Britain, but were unable to subdue the fiercely independent tribes in the West and in the North. Further waves of invaders followed: Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings and Normans. All these contributed to the mixture we call English. For many centuries this country was known simply as England. It had a strong army and navy. It waged' numerous colonial wars. England, once "the workshop of the world", was the first to become a highly industrial country.
Geographically the island of Great Britain is subdivided into two main regions: Lowland Britain and Highland. Lowland Britain comprises Southern and Eastern England. Highland Britain consists of Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennines and the Lake District. The highest mountain Ben Nevis is in Scotland. The flora of the British Isles is much varied and the fauna is similar to that of the north-west of Europe. The country is not very rich in natural resources but they were suffice for the Industrial Revolution to start.
There are many rivers in Great Britain. The Severn is the longest river, the Thames is the most important one.
London is the capital of the UK. It was founded by the Romans. The population of London is over 8 million people.
The largest cities of Great Britain besides London are: Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Leeds, Edinburgh. Great Britain is a monarchy. The Queen of Great Britain is not absolute, but constitutional. Her powers are limited by Parliament. The power is hereditary. The British Parliament consists of the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has always played an important role in world politics.
Vocabulary
kingdom
to conquer
to subdue ,
to contribute to ,
domination
to win (won, won) ,
independence
Geographical Names
Lowland ['loulænd], Highland ['hailænd], the Severn [sevən], Southampton (sauθæm(p)tən], Edinburgh ['edinbərə], Glasgo ['gla:zgou], the Pennines ['penainz].
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Questions
1. Where is the UK situated?
2. What parts does the UK consist of?
3. How many centuries has Britain been in the making?
4. What country is Great Britain?
5.What are the largest cities of Great Britain?
GREAT BRITAIN
Britain lies off the north-west coast of mainland Europe. Its full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Great Britain comprising England, Scotland and Wales. With an area of some 244,000 sq. km Britain is just under 1,000 km from the South coast to the extreme north of Scotland and just under 500 km across the widest part. England is predominantly a lowland country. Wales is a country of hills and mountains. Britains highest mountain, Ben Nevis (1342m), is in the center of highlands of Scotland, which contains large areas of wild, unspoiled landscape. At the center of Northern Ireland lies Lough Neagh, Britains largest freshwater lake. Britain has frequent weather changes, although temperatures rarely exceed 32ºC or fall below -10ºC. Rainfall is fairly well distributed throughout the year.
The UK is one of the worlds smallest countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80% of it is urban. Britain has a higher proportion of the adult population in work than any other large European country. It is 70%. Favourite pastimes of the British people include watching television, do-it-yourself (home improvement), visiting the cinema and going out for a meal or a drink. Walking, swimming and snooker, cricket, bowls are enjoyed by millions of people, while football is Britains most popular spectator sport. Public houses (pubs) selling alcoholic and other drinks are traditional social centres. Many serve meals, provide entertainments and have separable facilities where children are allowed. All children between the ages of 4 or 5 and 16 have the right to free full-time education from public funds. Parents of about 7% of pupils choose to send their children to private fee-paying schools. Therere 22 leading universities and the three largest ones are the Oxford, Cambridge and London Universities. Besides the latter here one can find some 300 technical colleges.
The fundamental principle of British democracy is that people elect Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons, to which the Government is accountable. The heart of British Government is the PM and a policy-making cabinet of around 20 ministers, nearly all of whom are Commons members. They bring forward policies and before the latter can become law, proposals for legislation must be approved by both houses of Parliament the House of Lords and the House of Commons, which consists of hereditary peers and life peers, together with senior church of English bishops. Because the Government is accountable to Parliament, the monarch no longer exercises political power. The Queen is a constitutional monarch who acts on the advice of ministers. She has the right to be informed about government policies, has a weekly meeting with the PM and receives important government papers. Her role as Head of the State is largely ceremonial. State appointments are made in her name and she gives the Royal Assent to laws passed by Parliament.
For most of this century the two largest parties have been the Conservative and Labour. The third largest party in the Commons is the Liberal Democrats. Election takes place by secret ballot. It has to be held at least once every five years. Three essential freedoms sustain the British democratic way of life ¾ free elections, freedom of speech and open and equal treatment before the law. These rights are balanced by responsibilities.
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GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom today consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was created by Act of Parliament in 1801 and its peoples are known as British. The United Kingdom is separated from the continent of Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is
244 000 square kilometres.
Great Britain is an island. Therefore it has maritime climate with frequent rains, strong winds and continuous fogs. The weather changes very often but temperatures rarely exceed 32˚C or fall below -10˚C. The climate is not good for agriculture and many agricultural goods are imported from other countries.
Britain is a constitutional monarchy. This means that the monarch, at the moment Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State. Today the queen is not only the Head of the State, but also an important symbol of national unity, a symbol of British traditions. The British Parliament has two houses, or chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is the most powerful and decides national policy.
At present there are two main political parties that come alternately to power: the Conservative party (or Tory), and the Labour party. The leader of the winning party automatically becomes Prime Minister. The party who comes second is the Opposition. British Prime Ministers have lived at 10 Downing Street since 1731. People often talk about Downing Street when they mean the Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet.
The country has a well-developed industry. Steel manufacture and shipbuilding were the oldest ones. In the last few decades service industries, especially banking and retailing, have expanded. But manufacturing still plays a important role and many high-technology industries have been developed.
Britain is a densely populated country with some 57 million people.
The majority of the working population is engaged in industry. 80 per cent of its population lives in towns. There are many big industrial cities here: Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Sheffield and many others.
There are a lot of institutions of further or higher education. Most students in Britain are taking full-time post-school education courses. There are also part-time courses, half of which are for adult people. There are some 79 universities, Oxford and Cambridge being the oldest of them. They are famous for their first-class education as well as their beautiful buildings.
USA
The Untied States of America stretches from the Atlantic seaboard, across the central plains, over the Rocky Mountains to the densely populated west coast, then halfway across the Pacific to the island state of Hawaii.
America is a land of physical contrasts, including the weather. The southern parts of Florida, Texas, California, and the [entire state of Hawaii, have warm temperatures year round; most of the -United States is in the temperate zone with four j distinct seasons and varying numbers of hot and cold days each season, while the northern states and Alaska have extremely cold winters.
The United States is also a land of numerous rivers and lakes. The northern state of Minnesota is known as land of 10,000 lakes. The broad Mississippi River world's third river after the Nile and the Amazon. A canal south of Chicago joins one of the tributaries of the Mississippi to the five Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence Seaway connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.
American farmers plant spring wheat on the cold western plains: raise corn, wheat and fine; beef cattle in the Midwest. Florida and California are famous for their vegetables and fruit production, and the northwestern states are known for apples, pears, berries and vegetables.
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A wealth of minerals provides a solid base for American industry.
The United States of America was founded in 1776. The Constitution was/adopted in 1787. 26 amendments have been introduced since then. The first 10 amendments are known as the Bill of the Rights (1790). The Constitution operates today and sets the basic forms of the US government
At present the population of USA is about two hundred and thirty nine million. The USA is called the "nation of immigrants". The country was settled, built and developed by generations of immigrants and their children. Many different cultural traditions, ethnic sympathies, racial groups and religious affiliations make up the people of the USA.
There are many big cities in the USA, such as New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Dallas, Boston, San Francisco, etc.
The nation's capital Washington, D.C. with more than 3,4 million people is the largest metropolitan area in the country. Laid out by the French architect in the late eighteenth century, it was the world's first city especially planned as a centre of government.
The USA became the world leading country at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Geographical names
Florida ['floridə], Texas ['teksəs], Washington [wofintdn], California [kəlifo:nja], Hawaii [ha:waii:]
Vocabulary
stretch
territory
corn
Questions
1. Where is the USA situated?
2. Why is America a land of contrasts?
3. What rivers and lakes are there on the territory of the
United States of America?
4. What provides a solid base for American industry?
5. When was the US founded?
6. What sets the basic form of the US government?
7. Why is the USA called the nation of immigrants'?
8. What are the big cities of the USA?
9. What is the capital of the USA?
RUSSIA
The vast territory of Russia lies in the Eastern part of Europe and in the Northern part of Asia. In area, it is one of the largest countries in the world. Airlines service many cities throughout the country. A flight from Moscow to Magadan takes eight hours.
Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. The oceans are: the Atlantic, the Arctic, the Pacific. The northern and eastern coasts of Russia are washed by the White Sea, the Barents Sea and by the Okhotsk Sea.
The land of Russia varies a lot from heavy forests to (barren deserts, from high peaked mountains to deep valleys. Russia is located on two plains. They are: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Plain. There are three main mountain Chains in Russia. The Urals, the longest mountain chain, separates Europe from Asia. There are various types of climate on the territory of Russia. But the temperate zone with four distinct seasons-prevails.
Russia is a land of long rivers and deep lakes. The broad Volga River system is of great historic, economic and cultural
importance to Russia. It became the cradle of such ancient towns as Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod.
Numerous canals join all the rivers in the European part of Russia, making it the European's largest inland water transportation route.
The Volga River runs in the Caspian Sea, which is in reality, the largest lake in the world. The Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
The European part of Russia is densely populated. There are a lot of cities, towns and villages there.
Russia is rich in natural resources. It has deposits of coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, nickel, etc.
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Russia boarders on fourteen countries, including the former Republics of the USSA, which are now independent states.
The history of Russia dates back to the year '862. Now Russia is a Presidential Republic.
Russia has always played an important role in the world. It is one of its leading Powers.
Questions
1. Where does the territory of Russia lie?
2. What is the surface of Russia?
3. What is the role of the Volga River in the history of Russia?
4. What natural resources are deposited there in Russia?
5. What countries does Russia boarder on?
LONDON
London was founded in the first century A.D. by the Romans. They left London in the 5-th century and the city was largely abandoned. By the 8-th century London was again a busy trading centre, and in the 11-th century it became the capital of England. Edward the Confessor built a palace and abbey at Westminster. The Norman period saw the construction of the Tower, old St. Paul's Cathedral and many churches and monasteries.
Medieval London grew in importance as a trading centre and in 1215 its "citizens won the right to elect their own leader,
or Lord of Mayor. London began to spread beyond the city walls during the Tudor and Stuart periods.
The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed three-quarters of the city. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral and designed 51 churches. The rebuilding of London followed the medieval street plan, but the old wooden houses were replaced by buildings of brick to reduce the future fire risk.
During the 19-th century London spread rapidly into the suburbs. As a result of it new forms of transport were developed, including the underground railway system. Britain was then at height of her Imperial Powers and this is expressed in such buildings as the Houses of Parliament and St. Pancreas Station.
Large areas of London were destroyed by bombs during World War II and the rebuilding that followed was of mixed quality.
Today in its full extent Greater London covers 625 square miles and consists of 33 separate boroughs, including the City, the West End, the East End and houses 7 million people.
The City extends over an area of about 2, 6 square kilometres in the heart of London. About half a million people work there, but less than 6000 live there. It is the financial centre of the UK with many banks, offices and Stock Exchange.
All the historical places and famous parks are in the West End. The West End, spreading from the political centre at Westminster includes the shopping area of Knightsbridge, Oxford Street, Piccadilly and the fashionable Covent Garden; it hosts museums and galleries, among them are the Tate Gallery, the National Gallery and Portrait Gallery, the British Museum. In the West End there are Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace. The best known streets are: Whitehall with important Governmental offices, Downing Street, the residence of Prime Minister and Reel Street which stands for the press.
The name "West End" is associated with wealth, luxury and goods of high quality.
The port of London is in the East End. It is an area of docks, unattractive in appearance, but very important in the country's commerce.
Vocabulary
abandon
abbey
Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)
destroy
borough ,
Stock Exchange
Questions
1. When was London founded?
2. What were the most important events in the history of London?
3. What is implied under Great London?
4. What is the City noted for?
5. What is the West End famous for?
6. What is there in the East End?
LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain. London has a population of about 6,770,000. It lies on the River Thames, where the Romans landed nearly 2,000 years ago. From about 1800 until World War Two, London was the biggest city in the world, but now there are many cities, which are much bigger.
London is famous for many things. Ten million people visit London every year to see its places of interest. They come from all over the world to visit its historic buildings, such as St. Pauls Cathedral, which has a huge dome, and the Houses of Parliament, where you can see and hear the famous clock, Big Ben. Across the road from the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It is one of the most beautiful buildings in London. The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places. It was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.
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Tourists also come to visit its theatres, its museums, and its many shops, such as Harrods, where you can buy anything.
Like many big cities, London has problems with traffic and pollution. Over 1,000,000 people a day use the London Underground, but there are still too many cars on the streets. The air isnt clean, but it is cleaner than it was 100 years ago. Until the Clean Air Act in 1956, London was famous for its fog or smog, which is a mixture of smoke and fog.
The best thing about London is the parks. The most beautiful ones are all in the centre.
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the Romans
St.Pauls Cathedral
the Houses of Parliament ,
Westminster Abbey
Harrods
Underground
the Clean Air Act
MOSCOW
Moscow is the capital of Russia. It was first mentioned in the records dated back to the year 1147. At that time it was a small frontier post. The history of Moscow is 'inseparably., connected with the history of Russia. In 1237 Moscow fell under the yoke x of the Tatars. And it was Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy who led the Russian troops to the victory over the invaders in the battle of Kulikovo field in 1380.
By the 15-th century Moscow turned into a wealthy city. It was under Ivan III that Moscow became the capital of the state of Moscow. At that time the Kremlin was rebuilt and the largest Kremlin Cathedrals were erected. During the Troubled Times Moscow was occupied by the Polish invaders. The fight to set Moscow free was identified in the people's mind with the struggle for the national independence.
In 1812 the Napoleonic army filtered Moscow. The city was set ablaze. The army had to retreat. That was a poor substitute for the military triumph in Russia, so much desired, by Napoleon.
Nowadays Moscow is the largest city of Russia. It is a political, administrative, economic, educational and cultural centre of the country.
There are many places of interest in Moscow. The city is famous for its historical monuments, museums, art galleries and theatres. The Historical Museum, the Pushkin Museum of Fine
Arts, the Tretyakov State Picture Gallery are world famous. Moscow is proud of the Bolshoi, Maly and Art theatres. Moscow is an industrial centre with highly developed engineering, electric, light and chemical industries.
Moscow is a scientific centre too. The Academy of sciences of Russia, the oldest university, many schools of higher learning, colleges and scientific institutions are located here.
Moscow is the country's largest sports centre. It often becomes a scene of international sports festivals.
Questions
1. When was Moscow first mentioned in the records?
2. Who headed the liberation movement in the 14-th century?
3. When did Moscow become the capital of Russia?
4. What happened to Moscow in 1812?
5. What is Moscow now?
ABOUT MYSELF
Let me introduce myself. My full name is Andrei Andreievich Ivanov. I have been named after my father and I am very happy about it. I was born on April, 7, 1978 in Moscow. I descend from the family of the office-workers. I am the only child in the family.
I am a pupil of the eleventh form of a secondary school. I finish school this year. I want to enter the University of Moscow. That is why I have to study twice as hard as an ordinary pupil. I do not only do my best at school, I take a preparatory course at the University. The course lasts for six months.
We have lectures and seminars three times a week: on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. I come to the University at 5 p.m. and leave it at 8 p.m. The lectures on literature, social sciences and history are given in the lecture-rooms. The seminars are held in smaller groups in the.class-rooms. We have classes of English too. During our English classes we read and translate the texts, discuss the books, listen to the tape-recorder. At the University we learn a lot of useful and interesting things. But most of all I like the subjects of my future speciality.
I am always very busy, but when I am free I like to read books. My favourite writer is Ernest Hemingway. I like to go to the museums and art galleries. My favourite painter is Rembrandt.
I have a lot of friends, but my best friend is Nick. I like to travel. My parents and I have visited many ancient Russian
towns. I am on friendly terms with my parents. I am very happy.
OUR FAMILY
Our family is neither large nor small. There are four of us: my mother, my father, my brother and me. It is an average Russian family.
My father is 47-years old. He is an engineer. He works in the office of an engineering company. He is always busy. He has very little free time. He likes his job and there are chances of promotion. My mother is a teacher of music. She works a lot. She does her house-work and I always help her. My brother is 23 years old. He is a post-graduate student of the Economics Faculty. He is not married yet and has no family of his own.
I have two grandmothers and one grandfather. I love them very much and often go to see them. My grandmothers are on pension now. One of them was a teacher, another was a doctor. My grandfather has not retired yet. When he has free time he likes to work in the garden.
We have many relatives. My aunts, uncles and cousins live in different parts of Russia. On holidays they often come to our place. We have a very good time together.
At the week-ends my family usually go to the country-side to ski in winter and to walk in the forest in summer. But most of all I like family feasts. We are happy to be together and we wish one another only the best out of the best.
MY WORKING DAY
My every day activities are quite routine. They do not differ much from that of any other pupil of our country. My working day begins at 7 o'clock in the morning when I get up. I do my physical jerks, wash, brush my teeth and comb my hair. Then I have breakfast. For breakfast I usually have toasted bread, fried eggs, corn flakes, tea or coffee and some jam.
At ten to eight I leave for school. I go to school five days a week. It takes me twenty minutes to get to school by bus. At school I usually have six or seven lessons. The lessons are over at two o'clock. I return home at three o'clock. I have lunch and take a short rest. I go for a walk with my friends. In spring we play football, in winter we play hockey or ski. I am back at home at a quarter past four. At four thirty I begin to do my home-work. It takes me three hours to do it. On Monday, Wednesday and Friday I attend preparatory courses at the University. I leave home at four thirty and come back at eight thirty and prepare for my next school day.
WHY I WANTED TO ENTER THIS FACULTY
I have always liked drawing. History was my favourite subject at school.
It was long before leaving school that I decided to enter the Architecture and Civil Engineering Faculty. I have chosen Architecture as my future profession because to see the results of ones work, its necessity and beauty gives much pleasure.
There are many subjects in the programme of the Faculty. I shall try to do my best to become quite knowledgeable in the field of Architecture.
Whether I shall be a teacher or a researcher we shall know later on.
My purpose of today is to become a well-educated specialist in this field of knowledge.
MY FRIEND
I have a lot friends. But my best friend is Nick. We made friends many years ago when we started to go to one and the same school. Nick is 18 years old. He is a university student. He is going to become a research worker.
Nick is a fine fellow. He is good-looking, tall and handsome. His hair is fair, his eyes are blue. He is always well dressed. He is strong and he is very popular among his mates. Nick knows a lot of interesting things. He sings well and Likes to tell funny stories.
We always meet at the week-ends. We discuss books, listen to the music or visit our common friends.
Nick is never down-hearted. He is always full of life and energy. He is always ready to help people when they are in need.
Nick has good manners. He is modest and sincere. He is very attentive. I am happy to have such a friend as Nick because he is a true one.
I have one more friend. Her name is Helen. She is fifteen. Helen is a nice girl. Helen has two brothers. They are fine chaps. Nick is a student and Mark is a clerk in a big office. Mark is always very busy. He comes home very late.
I often go to see Helen. Helen is fond of music. She plays the piano very well. She is going to become a pianist. We often go to the conservatoire and enjoy the live music.
Her favourite writer is Charles Dickens/'Oliver Twist" is her favourite novel by Dickens.
Together with Helen we go to the museums and art galleries. She likes Russian painters most of all.
SPENDING MY FREE TIME
I'm fond of music and whenever I have some free time I go to the Concert Hall.
There are many musical and concert halls in our country. Our people are very keen on music. That explains why whenever I go to the concert, the hall is always full of people of different age.
I like to go to the conceits. I take a special liking to the music of the Russian composers and I try not to miss solo concerts or symphonic orchestras by our famous conductors. I like piano concern, especially Chopin's works like the violin too. My sister has a good ear for music, she goes to school for violin lessons. -She-accompanies me all the time when I go to the conservatoire or to the concert hall. We enjoy music very much.
But sometimes we go to the cinema. The usual cinema performance consists of a feature film, a newsreel and of some shorts. The short is a two or three reel film; it may be a popular science film, a travelogue, a comedy or an animated cartoon film. Sometimes a travelogue pr. a ^documentary is the main item of the programme. We, my sister and I, prefer going to the cinema at the week-ends. I am not a film-fan. I don't like serial films or screen version. I seldom go to the cinema, only when the film is well-worth seeing.
Vocabulary
serial film
feature film
newsreel
a short
animated cartoon film
screen version
