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Economy ,

Globe

Earth ()

map

hemisphere

the Western ~ -

the Eastern ~ -

tropics

equator

meridian

longitude

latitude

zone , ,

continent

continental

pole

the North Pole

the South Pole

arctic , ,

the Arctic Circle

within the Arctic Circle

antarctic ,

the Antarctic Circle

surface

to vary (), (),

scenery - ,

 

Sides of the world

north

northern ['nɔ:ðən]

south [sauΘ] -

southern ['sʌðən]

east

eastern

west

western

in the north / south / east / west / / /

to the north / south / east / west of - / / /

horizon [hə'raizn]

on the ~ -

Country

state

power

kingdom

republic

colony

former colony

dominion

nation ,

nationality

people (peoples )

population

~ at large

~ control

~ explosion

density of population

densely populated

sparsely / thinly populated

to populate

area , , ,

region , ,

territory

border (on) 1. (); 2.

frontier ['frʌntjə]

administration division

region

territory

district

county (.), (.)

state

 

Land ,

relief [rı'lı:f]

average height

highest point

highland , ,

upland

lowland ,

tableland ,

plateau ['plætəʊ] , (pl. s; -x)

plain

flat plain

grassy plain ,

valley

gorge - ,

canyon [''kænjən] ,

ravine [rə'vı:n] , ;

precipice ['presıpıs]

mountain

the top of a ~ -

the foot of a ~ -

peak ,

chain of mountains

mountain range

range 2 - , (, )

range 3 - , ( ~ along, ~ with)

f.e. The path ranges with the brook. .

mountainous ['mauntınəs]

hill , ,

slope

steep ~ -

gentle ~ -

rock

rocky

cliff

volcano

active ~ -

extinct ~ -

volcanic

of volcanic origin

eruption

crater

lave ['la:və]

earthquake

steppe

savanna

prairie ,

desert ['dezət]

sandy desert

to stretch

sea level

above ~ -

below ~ -

 

Waters

ocean

the Pacific ~ -

the Atlantic ocean

the Indian ocean

the Arctic ocean -

sea

sea-way

waterway

outlet ( )

tide

ebb

channel , ()

strait

peninsula

peninsular

isthmus ['ısməs]

cape

beach , , ,

shelf , (),

lake

fresh-water lake

pond

canal

river

shallow / deep ~ - /

to rise in / to have its rise in / to take its rise in f.e. The Volga rises in the Valdai Hills.

to flow / to run / to empty into ,

to flow from / out of

the current of a river

the bed of the river

the mouth of a river

estuary

tributary

stream ,

brook

streamlet

spring ,

navigable

waterfall

rapids ,

creek 1. , ; 2. . , ,

bay , ,

gulf 1. , 2. ,

harbour

coast

coast line

shore (, )

bank ()

indentation , ,

swamp

swampy ground

bog ,

marsh ,

moor

basin (, ; )

 

Climate

good / bad ~ - /

cold / warm / hot ~ - / /

wet (damp) / dry ~ - /

mild / severe (rigorous) ~ - /

healthy / unhealthy ~ - /

arctic / subarctic ~ - /

continental ~ -

moderate ~ -

subtropical / tropical ~ - /

rainfall

rich ~ -

light / small ~ -

fog

heavy / dense fog

 

flora ( )

vegetation

forest

virgin ~ -

coniferous ~ -

leaf bearing ~ -

mixed ~ -

evergreen

wood (often pl.) ,

taiga / black forest

grove

glade

tundra

dwarf tees

moss

lichen ['laıken]

fern

fir

pine

birch

oak

maple

cedar

lime

poplar

ash-tree

lilac

mountain ash / rowan-tree

bird-cherry tree

willow

lotus

ginseng

liana

 

fauna ( )

bear

polar bear

fox

polar fox

wolf (pl. wolves)

hare

squirrel

elk

lynx

roe

wild boar

sable

ermine

deer

reindeer

eagle

birds of passage -

birds of prey

 

economy ,

national ~ - ,

industry

home ~ -

large-scale ~ -

a branch of industry

heavy ~ - ~

metallurgy

ferrous metallurgy

non-ferrous metallurgy

coal-mining ~ - ~

machine-building / engineering ~ - ~

aircraft ~ - ~

electrical engineering

chemical ~ - ~

construction ~ - ~

ship-building ~ - ~

light ~ - ~

textile ~ - ~

food ~ - ~

dairy ~ - ~

leather and footwear ~ - - ~

timber / lumber (Am.) ~ - ~, ~

forestry

industrial

~ area

~ goods

industrialization

manufacture 1. , , ; 2.

goods /

consumer goods

import 1. ['ımpɔ:t] ;

2. [ım'pɔ:t] ;

export 1. ['ekspɔ:t] ;

2. [eks'pɔ:t] ;

raw ,

raw materials

food-stuff

machinery

resources ;

natural ~ -

mineral ~ / minerals

waterpower ~ - -

power station

hydro- ~ -

atomic ~ -

mine 1. , , ,

2. (, ..)

deposit

timber (),

pipe 1. ;

2.

f.e. Oil from wells at Maikop and Grozny is piped to the other parts of the country.

 

Ore

metal

metal ores

iron ore

iron

non-ferrous ores

nickel

uranium

zinc

copper

gold

silver

lead [led]

tin

asbestos

coal

coal-field ,

peat

oil

oilfield

gas

gas deposits

 



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