, - , :
) _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
HCl ? ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
__________
________________________________________________________________________________
, ?
________________________________________________________________________________
䳿 .
.
|
|
.
__________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
.
_________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
, :
)
)
, . . , , .
, ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
, . :
1. ( ?)
________________________________________________________________________________
2.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
? _______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. ( )
, .
|
|
? ?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
, , , .
.
( ):
1.
2. :
)
)
3. .
.
1. .
1. . , .
1 2 1 2 10%- 1-2 1%- uSO4. ǒ . - , (- .)
2. . (, ) NO3 璺.
2-3 0,5-1 NO3. , . 1-2 , - .
3. . 2-3 l ( , ). , , , . , : , 璺 - .
4. . .
1-2 2-3 , ᒺ 10%- NOH, 1-2 5%- . PbS. :
R SH +2NOH→Na2S+R OH+H2O
Na2S+(CH3COO)2Pb→↓ PbS+2CH3COONa
5. ͳ . -. 0,2-0,5 2-3 0,1% - , 2 . ǒ - - 䳿 , NH2-.
2. .
, , , . (, ) , , .. . , . . . . , (, ) 䳿 .
|
|
, ( , , , ). , , .
.
( (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, MgSO4) . 50%- , 100%- . , , .
.
3 , ᒺ . , . . . , , . , . (. . 35). , .
3. .
5 2 .
1. . , .
2. 1 1%- . , .
3. 0,5 10%- . .
4. 0,5 10%- , . .
5. 0,5 . . .
4. .
, . , , . , .
1-2 1%- . , . ϳ 1 10%- , (. . 35). 1 0,1%- .
5. 䳿 .
5 2 0,1%- 0,2%- 1 . 1%- , 0,4%- . 2-3 . 1 0,2%- Cl. 380 400.
|
|
30 45 . (. 35).
.
1 | |||
2 | |||
3 | |||
4 | |||
5 |
, .
6. .
: 2 , 2 , . 380 - 400.
400 600 ( ). ³ . .
1 | |||
2 | |||
3 |
?
7. .
. 䳿 - .
3 4 , 2 . ǒ .
. 䳿 . . , , , :
1. , , , , , .
2. , , , .
5 - 1 . , , . , .
8.
.
, . , 1903 .. .
. , , . , . г , . . , , .
. , .
, . 0,5 1 , 2 4 . . . ٳ , , , 1 2 .
|
|
350 - 400 45 60 . 8 10 , 1050 5 . ǒ , . , , .
9. ó .
䳺 , . , , .
3 , , 3 0,5 , . 20 . . .
5. ղ̲ ̲ IJ.
() ( ).
: ( )
1.
) ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. :
) __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) _________________________________________________________________
) ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. :
) _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. , ,
) - ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) L - __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. , :
) - _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) - _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
6. :
) __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
:
-頠 ij
1.
) -; ) --; ) --
2.
) - ; ) -- ; ) --
1.
) - ; ) -- ; ) --
2.
) - ; ) -- ; ) --
3.
) - ; ) --; ) --
.
1. ( - , - 1,4).
2. ( - , - 1,4).
3. ( - , - 1,4).
4. ( - - , , - 1,2).
. ( , )
1. _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
- ( , )
) ______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
) ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
1.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
:
砠
+ + H 3 PO 4
6-- ← 1--
6--+ → 1,6--
Ԡ
3 -
+
+S .
↓
3-
+H3PO4 →HS 2
↓
1,3-
蠠 +Ԗ →
↓
3-
蠠 +
↓
2-
蠠 + →2
↓
2-
蠠 +Ԗ →
↓
+
+ 2͠
↓
,
2. .
) .
-+Ġ 2
↓
+1/202+ࠠ 2
-
↓
+S 2
↓
, :
) ( )
-+ -+2
()
2͠ S
-+Ġ -
-+2Π 2
2͠ -+ 2
+
-ࠠ -+
2 2
-ࠠ -
+1/2 2
2
, , .
.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________