The definite article when endowed with the lexical meaning in a sentence or passage can have various realizations in Ukrainian. It is expedient to begin with the most common of them which may refer not only to nouns but to other parts of speech as well, as for example:
1) as the demonstrative pronoun (, , ):
What his sister has seen in the
was realized as the I who made things, the thinking I, and the speaking I (P. Freire)
Sometimes there is the im pression that the I.M.F. is on the same side of the barricades with the forces which are out to reverse the course of development back to Soviet times, Ukrainian president said. (Kyiv Post)
Prime Minister's dismissal had been rumored from the date of his appointment. (Ibid.)
But surely Ruth did not under stand it, he concluded. How could she, living the refined life she did?
He was amazedatthe man's sympathy with the life and his incisive psychology. (J. London)
The fellow behind us in the crowd was talking again. (E.Caldwell)
....and when I could see again, the fellow who stayed with me was dragging me down the street. (Ibid.)
, , . , , , - .
'-쳭 .
. , , , ?
.
.
... , , , .
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| 3) as the possessive pronoun //', , (, , ): |
| gags of hisown... (O. Wilde) 蠠 . |
| 7) as the identifying attributive pronoun , , / |
| 4) as the identifying pronoun , , /: |
The room was situated over the laundry...
Why don't you eat? he de manded, as Martin dipped dole fully into the cold, half cooked oatmeal mush.
...Mr. Higginbotham sneered throughout mealtime at the lit erary person they had discovered in the family.
/ ...
? - , , .
... ճ , .
:
But the man did not seem to know of the content of the great mind.
The toil meant nothing to him.
...which was new to him, for of the women he had known - that was the only way he thought.
, , .
.
.... , , , .
|
|
|
8) as an adjective or adjectivized participle (according to the |
| 5) as the relative pronoun (, , ): |
looked up, and it seemed that the room was lifting...
The romance and beauty, and high vigour of the books were coming true.
Her trained ear detected the overemphasis of the tyro...
What the hell you guys block- ingthe street? (E.Caldwell)
caught himself imagining the wonder of a caress from such a hand, and flushed guiltily...
She did not know the actual fire of love.
³ , , ...
, , , .
...
, , ?
³ , , ...
, ' .
contextual meaning):
Martin Eden did not go out to hunt for a job in the morning.
He had worked the day before in the basement and the money had been kept all the time. (E.Caldwell)
9) as a particle emphasizing some other part of speech:
But the story was grand just the same, perfectly grand.
The man above us was talking to several persons in the crowd. (E.Caldwell)
The next afternoon, accompanied by Arthur, she arrived in the Morses carriage.
.
.
the attributive pronoun, numeral or
-, .
/ .
.
| 6) as the indefinite pronoun (, ), : |
| 10) very often when the noun in the sentence has another attribute the clearly explicit lexical meaning of the definite article remains superflous: |
For the moment the great gulf that separated them then was bridged. He was played by 'the low comedian, who had introduced
, , .
He lay where he had fallen, and from there he watched the
³ , ,
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213
| man in the red sweater. . (J.London) |
| Here the man in the redsweatermay be translated as but the postpositive attribute () has a stronger force of definiteness than the prepositive lexically charged ar\\c\e. As a result, the meaning of the article remains implicit, though strongly felt. Similarly in the sentence below where the lexically charged definite article is also suppressed by the attributive prepositional noun: |
| The definite article in the sentence above is substituted for the contextual noun ( ) instead of as in the original sentence. 11) In many a case the definite article may point to thematic functioning of the noun, which is usually signalized by its initial position in the sentence and pointing to the core of the utterance presenting the basic, known already elements in the sentence:
|
From the first mention of the dance by Mrs. Cowperwood and Anna, Ailen had been conscious of a desire toward a more effective presentation of herself than as yet. (T.Dreiser)
The street lights were fewer now. (J. Steinbeck)
The old man stared at the open door. (Ibid.)
The night was getting colder and more raw all the time. (E. Caldwell)
The dog had gone back to his slow, spiritless barking. (J. Steinbeck)
They silently passed the stu dio. (J. Fowels)
, , ( ) , .
.
.
/ .
.
.
noun in the initial position. When translated into Ukrainian, however, the rhematic noun, as has long been noticed1, occupies a terminating position in the sentence/clause (when the utterance is a composite sentence):
There was an old twostorey Գ
yellow house on Fielding Avenue
that year. (W. Saroyan) .
A dog growled in one of the
yards as the men went by. (J. ,
Steinbeck) .
A light fog began to drift
through the air, and the stars were , /
swallowed in it. (Ibid.) .
A train hooted mournfully, and , , -
in a moment it rounded a bend ,
and pushed its terrible light down
the track. (Ibid.) 볿.
A correct selection of thematic and rhematic nouns, identified by the definite and indefinite articles and by their respective placement in the sentence, facilitates the faithful conveying of the logical sentence perspective in the target language.
