1. Traditionally, most names of companies (corporations, firms, etc.) are transcribed or transliterated and shortly explicated at the same time. This method is also employed when rendering the names of publishing houses, titles of most newspapers and magazines or journals, and of some public bodies. The translation may be performed either with the employment of a shorter or more extended explication. The former is practised when the name of the company (corporation, firm) is well-known or when translating at language level; the latter is resorted to when translating at speech/text level: Associated Biscuit Manufacturers ; TWall & Sons Co. Ltd. ' . , but: General Motors/ Standard Oil / .
It is much easier to translate the names of companies/corporations when their product is indicated as in the following examples: British-American Tobacco Co. ' - - ; British and Commonwealth Shipping ; Campbell Soups Co. ; Coca-Cola Co. Inc. '
- ; China Vrntretech Investment Corp. ; West Texas Intermediate Co. ; Volkswagen (VW) AG .
Ukrainian companies, firms and other state and private bodies performing the same or similar functions are translated according to the same rule (they are transliterated or transcribed and explicated at the same time). For example: Kyiv Svitanok civil services firm; ' Krasnodonvuhillya Coal Production Amalgamation; Ukrainian Ukrhazprom natural gas importing and extracting body; Kyiv region Kyivoblpobutradiotekhnika home radio engineering services body (firm); Bilychi Joint-Stock Furniture Factory Association; ( ) Bulgarian Venta Joint Venture (perfumes, make-up); Lviv Prohres footwear firm.
2. Translation of the names of British/American publishing houses is performed according to the same rules: Associated Book I 'iihlishers - ; Cambridge University Press . ; Edward Arnolds (Publishers) Ltd. - () ; Harper& Row (USA) ().
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Not infrequently, however, the names of British (American, etc.) publishing houses are scarcely indicated or not mentioned at all. Nevertheless in Ukrainian translation the identifying noun should necessarily be added: Penguin Books -i ; Raphael Tuck & Sons Ltd. <. ; J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd. . . ; Slavic Gospel Press (USA) ' ; Random House (USA) (); Rand McNelly (USA)
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볻 (); Beacon Press (USA) . Names of Ukrainian publishing houses are rendered into English similarly: with the corresponding identifying noun Publishers or Publishing House added to it: -/ Kyiv/ Ukrains'kyi Pysmennyk/Dnipro Publishers (Publishing House): Muzychna Ukraina (musical works and notes) Publishers/Publishing House; Shkola/Skola Publishers/Publishing House (primary and secondary school manuals, reference books, dictionaries); Kyiv Shevchenko University Lybid' Publishers (scientific literature and higher school manuals).
3. Transcribed or transliterated and mostly shortly explicated in the target language are also the names of news agencies: (the British) Reuters (News Agency) ; UPl/France Presse ϲ (), - (); ij Ukrainian Dinau Ukrinform News Agency; / Russian TASS/Novosti News Agency; but ѳ- Chinese Communist New China News Agency.
4. Names of theatres, cinemas, hotels are also mostly reproduced through transcription or transliteration and explication at the same time: Comedy Theatre 䳻; Dairy Lane /-; Commercial Theatre ( ); the Continental ( , ); the Empire ( ); the Bolshoi Theatre or: the Moscow Bolshoi Opera and Ballet Theatre; . the Kyiv State Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theatre; () 䳿 the (Kyiv) Musical Comedy Theatre; () the (Kyiv) Young Spectators Theatre; / the Kyiv city Kyiv/Slavutych Cinema Hall.
5. Names of hotels are translated in the same way as the names of cinema halls. When the names originate from common nouns (or word-combinations) they may be transcribed, transliterated and explicated or translated: the Royal Court Hotel ; the Mitre Hotel (); /
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/ the Kyiv/ RusV Ukraina Hotel; the Opryland Hotel/ Restaurant (Nashville, Tennessee) / (, , ); the Westin Hotel (Calgary, Canada) .ﳴ (), // the Kolos, Birch Tree, (Cosy Nook) Hotel, 11 the Lysyanka Kolos Hotel.
The same way of translating is employed when dealing with the names of restaurants: the Banff Springs Restaurant (ab. Calgary) , the Anatole Restaurant (Dallas) ; / / the Moskva/ Pnlpro/ Kyiv restaurant; ³< the Vitryak (Windmill)/Myslyvskyi (Hunter's) restaurant.
6. Names of newspapers, journals, and magazines require a special approach on the part of the translator. The thing is that in I nglish some more extended explication may be needed for a particular foreign newspaper (magazine, journal) than in Ukrainian: the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada Holos Ukrainy news-I (per; the Ukrainian army Narodna Armiya/Armia paper/newspaper; a Ukrainian Russian language Nezavisimost newspaper/paper, the Ukrainian youth Molod' Ukrainy newspaper; the Bukovyna region(al) Bukovyna newspaper/daily; the Kyiv city Verchirniy Kyiv evening newspaper, but The Ukrainian Day news-l taper (published also in English).
Very often the body to which the paper belongs or which sponsors its publication may be indicated too: Ukraine's Ministry of Public Education and Culture Osvita weekly; ˳ the Ukrainian writers Union I iteraturna Ukraina weekly.
Names of Ukrainian journals (magazines) are translated in the way as the titles of newspapers: ³ Ukrainian Writers' Vitchyzna/Vitcyzna (Fatherland) literary journal; Ukrainian humorous and satirical Perets (Pepper) weekly magazine; Ƴ Ukrainian Zhinka (Woman) monthly/magazine; Ukrainian linguistic Movoznavstvo journal or: Ukrainian linguists' Movoznavstvo journal; Ukrainian teachers of foreign languages Inozemni Movy journal; Ukrainian Suchasnists' (modern literature find politics) journal.
The titles of English newspapers, journals and magazines are
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traditionally less explicated in Ukrainian (like in Russian) translation: the New York Times - ; Observer - ; Washington Post ; Business Week ( ) . The definite/indefinite article used before the titles of English newspapers/journals is mostly omitted in Ukrainian translation: The Teacher ҳ ( ); The Seaman ѳ ( ); but: News of the World ( ).
Several titles of foreign newspapers and journals may also be translated into English. Among them are the following: the Russian New Times English language journal; The Russian Army paper The Red Star (in Russia's English press, however, only Krasnaya Zvesda); the Decembrists journal The Pole Star; but - the Chinese Communist/ Beijing People's Daily.
7. Translation of the names of streets, avenues and squares is predetermined by several factors. Alongside the established tradition, the most important of these factors is the meaning of the component parts making up the name. When used in contextul environment, the names of streets, avenues, roads, and squares may often be simply transcribed or transliterated, since the nouns street, avenue, road or square are familiar to many Ukrainians: Dean Street ij-; Milton Street/Oxford Street ̳ /-; Wall Street/Fleet Street -/-; Farringdon Road -.
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When used out of context, however, the names of streets, avenues and roads require in Ukrainian an additional explanatory noun (, ): Midland Park Road . ̳- ; Narrow Lane . (.) -; Portobello Road . -; Threadneedle Street . - ( ѳ), but Wall Street -.
The streets (avenues) with numbers instead of the proper names always have the number translated and not given in figures: Sixth/ Seventh Street / (-); First (Third, Ninth) Avenue (, ') . The names of streets with no appositional street/avenue nouns in English must be added in Ukrainian translation: Cheyne Walk . - ( ); the Mall/Pall Mall . / (
); Unwin Place/Portland Place . -/. -.
Ukrainian names of streets (roads, avenues) are translated according to the common rule, the proper name being transliterated (rarely transcribed) and the explaining common noun , , is translated: / Andriivska/ Polyova Street; / Lesya Ukrainka/ Shevchenko Avenue. In recent years, however, especially in the local English press more and more often our , , etc. are transliterated in English: vulyts'a/vulytsia Kostel'na, vulytsia Bohdana Khmelnyts'koho, ploshcha Peremohy, ploshchaTolstoho, but Maidan Nezalezhnosti, etc.
When the noun , , is not used in Ukrainian, it should naturally be added in the English translation: Andriivskyi Uzviz Road/vulytsia; / Lysa Hora/Yaroslaviv Val Street/vulytsia; / Nyzhniy/ Verkhniy Val Street (Road) or vulytsia.
The names of streets and squares given in honour of social, political or historical events/personalities, along with the names formed from regular common nouns, qualitative or relative adjectives, are mostly translated. This way of translating is especially common in written language when it is not connected directly with oral communication: The Friendship of Nations (Peoples' Friendship) Avenue/Boulevard; / Verkhovna Rada/Hrushevs'koho Street/vulytsia (in English newspapers published in Ukraine).
The names of English squares are also mostly transcribed and explicated (by adding ) whether the noun square is mentioned or not: Clerkenwell Green/Percy Circus . -/ -; Elephant and Castle . ; Grosvenor Square (Hanover Square) . - (-).
Some names of squares may be either transcribed/transliter-;ited or translated from the English language as well: Parliament Square . -/ ; Trafalgar Square . -/ ; George Washington Square . / .
Names of Ukrainian squares are rendered in a similar way though they are more often translated into English. It happens when the name of the square originates from a common noun or is a stable word-combination denoting some historical or revolutionary event:
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/ Bohdan Khmel'nytskyi/Tolstoi Square/Ploshcha; Kontraktova Square/Ploshcha; . Holosiivska Square/Ploshcha and also: Bohdana Khmel'nytskoho Square/Ploshcha.
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Sometimes in oral and written practice both transliteration or transcription as well as regular translation may be employed. This becomes inevitable when the name of the square/street originates from a common noun or when it is necessary to avoid some misunderstanding. Besides, there may arise a need to clarify the lexical meaning of a proper name (or a component part of it) in the target language: . () Peremohy (Victory) Square/Ploshcha; . ' () Vozyednannya (Reunification) Square/ Ploshcha; Muzeinyi Provulok (by-street).
Certainly of interest for our students may be the rule of translating such peculiar notions as and in a city. Thus, / is Vasyl'kivs'kyi/Yahotyns'kyi district/rayon, . is Shevchenkivs'kyi district of Kyiv. Any in any city is always a residential area: (the) Syrets/Nyvky residential area in Kyiv Shevchenkivs'kyi district, the Oleksiyivka residential area in Kharkiv, the Kharkivs'kyi Masyv residential area (in Kyiv).
8. Names of public bodies, however, are mostly translated. These include political parties, trade unions, national and international bodies of different rank and functions: the British Conservative party ; the Democratic (Republican) party () , the Labour (Liberal) party () ; - the Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine or the Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party/Ukrainian Christian Democrats; the Ukrainian Farmer's Party, Dynamo sports society, Ukrainian Light Athletics Association. Similarly treated are also various names of English/American trade unions which may sometimes go under the names association, society, organization, brotherhood or simply union, which should always be translated as : the AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labour - Congress of Industrial Organizations) - ( - ); Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers '
; British Transport and General Workers Union ; United Mine Workers Association/United Miners ' ().
Some trade unions of the USA are amalgamated with those of Canada. This is always indicated by the word International which should not erroneously be taken for / and consequently has to be translated as ' : International Ladies Garment Workers ' : International Longshoremen Association ' () .
Names of Ukrainian trade unions are translated in the same way as the English (or American) ones. They may also be rendered in their full official wording or somewhat shortened (without using the words trade union): Ukrainian Mine Workers Union or Ukrainian Miners; Ukrainian Engineer- Workers Union/ Ukrainian Engineers; , Ukrainian Public Education, Higher School and Scientific Institutions Workers (Trade) Union. Similarly translated are also names of international organizations as International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.) ̳ ; (European Economic Council) ( ); - , ' The Dnieper area Center for Ukrainian and Polish Cultural, Scientific and Business Relations, etc.
9. Special attention should be paid to the translation of the names of institutions, enterprises, geographical objects, etc., bearing honorary names. In English the honorary name precedes the enterprise/body which bears it, whereas in Ukrainian/Russian it always follows the name of the enterprise/body: Humboldt State College . ; George Washington Library . ; Lafayette/Longfellow College . /; but: Cape Kennedy/Vandenberg /, . the Kotlyarevskyi library; . Ukrainian Academician Vernadskyi National Library.
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Note. Names of literary and scientific/peace prizes are mainly translated in two ways - with the preservation of the name which the
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prize bears or with the transformation of the noun into a corresponding relative adjective: Nobel Prize ( ); Pulitzer Prize ( . ); Taras Shevchenko Prize ( . .. ); Rylskyi Translation Prize . .
English honorary names, therefore, are mostly transformed into relative adjectives in Ukrainian, whereas Ukrainian relative adjectives must be translated, where possible, as corresponding English nouns. This rule should also be observed when translating the names which contain the often used adjective . The latter, however, may sometimes be omitted in English, which should not be treated as a translator's mistake. The thing is that belonging of important institutions to state property in all countries is considered self-evident. As a result, two faithful translations of this kind of names are possible: . ., Kyiv State Dovzhenko Film Studio, 2. the Kyiv Dovzhenko Film Studio; . . 1. Lviv I.Franko State University, 2. Lviv I.Franko University or: 1. Kyiv State Taras Schevchenko National University 2. Kyiv Taras Schevchenko National University.
The honorary names originating from common nouns or from those denoting historical/revolutionary events may be conveyed in two ways: 1) translated only or 2) transliterated/transcribed and explicated in brackets at the same time. Especially often this kind of names were used in Soviet times. Cf. / () the Dzvonkove Smert' Capitalizmu (Death to capitallizm /Tykhe Zhyttia (Quiet Life) collective farm; Lviv Svitoch (Torchlight) Confectionery Firm. Some names of our institutions which have recently changed their official status may be used with the definite article in the English translated variant1: The Horlivka Foreign Languages Teachers' Training Institute (now University); . Kyiv Bohomolets Medical University; . . The M.Lysenko Musical School. It should be emphasized that the NNN-.NNNN-, etc. asyndetic word-groups are preferred in newspaper style whereas in spoken language or in belles-lettres works prepositional phrases are used to
' See: Povey J., Walshs I. An English Teacher's Handbook of Educational Terms. 2nd Rev. Ed. - M.: Vyssaja Skola, 1982.
convey such and the like names of institutions: - (the) former Kyiv Svyatoshyn Shlyakhom Peremoh (On the Road to Victories) state farm (newspaper style), but (the) Shlyakhom Peremoh (On the Road to Victories) state farm in Kyiv Svyatoshyn district (spoken English or belles-lettres style). When translating such and the like often used today complicated names of different institutions, the student should strictly stick to the rule: in English the honorary name, functioning as a relative adjective, follows the place name substituting the Ukrainian possessive and relative adjective formed from the place name. For example: Kyiv State M.Drahomanov Teachers Training University.
Similarly translated are also names of newly formed on the basis of former collective/state farms enterprises. Cf. ( ) Semenivs'ke Cooperative Agricultural Enterprise; г / The Ridkodub Private Farmers' Association/Joint Stock Agricultural Association, etc.
Any other approach to translation of such and the like word-group structures, including the descriptive translation, which is sometimes employed by inexperienced translators, will be stylistically incompatible and therefore wrong. Care should be taken to avoid the stylistically unjustified expression the named after which is to be used only in explanatory versions, as in the sentence After Ukraine's gaining independence many state institutions were named after our most prominent patriots Hrushevskyi, Vynnychenko, The Heroes of Kruty, Petlyura, and many others. Hence, the Lviv V.Stefanyk library, the Symyrenko Horticultural Research Centre and never the named after Symyrenko Horticultural Research Centre or the named after V.Stefanyk Lviv library. It must be repeatedly emphasized that the placement of the honorary name in English translations is strictly predetermined and can not be changed deliberately unless required by the speech situation (style) and content.
