( , ), CD DVD, . () - , . , , 500 / ( 60 /). 1000 /, 2,88 , . ( ). ( MFM RLL), , , . , () ESDI, 1 /. , ( , ), , . AT, 1988 . . , , , , 1996 . ATAPI. , ATA , SCSI. ATA 100 / (Ultra DMA Mode 5). ATA 137 , AT API SCSI 32- , 2 ( 512- ). Serial ATA; , , .
, ATA SCSI, (FCAL). SCSI , . ATA, SCSI . USB, Fire Wire, LPT-.
() . , - , . ( ). , , , - .
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, . . . , . (11,5 ), +5 . . 5"- , ( ).
. , Drive Sel Motor On. DS0DS3, , . . , , .
Step; Direction: ( ) ( ). , Track 00. Side 1. Index, . (MFM) ( -) Read Data. Write Gate, Write Data. , , Write Protect. , HD DD QD, Reduce Write, Low Current FDHDIN. ( 2,88 ) FDEDIN. , ( FDEDIN , ). , PC- , . , . , CMOS Setup, . Reduce Write ( ) , CMOS HD (High Density , 1,2 1,44 ), DD QD (360 720 ). , 300 / ( 360/720 1,2 ). 720 1,44 HD, 3,5" , QD.
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HD Disk Changed, . . HD ED (Extra High Density, 2,88 ), . PC DC (Disk Change). , RY, RDY SR, PC .
, , . , . Index , ( ). (. ) Track00.
, PC, 34- : 5" 3,5". PC - 7 1016 (. 9.1). , : : , : . , , , . , . . 9.1 , . (I/O -) .
. 9.1.
9.1.
| : | A: | ||||
¹ | I/O | ¹ | ¹ | |||
2 | FDHDIN (Reduce Write) | 2 | Low Current | 2 | Low Current | |
4 | - | 4 | 4 | |||
6 | FDEDEIN | - | 6 | FDEDIN (DS3) | 6 | FDEDIN (DS3) |
8 | Index | I | 8 | Index | 8 | Index |
10 | Motor On A | O | 10 | DS0 | 16 | Motor² |
12 | Drive Sel 1 | O | 12 | DS11 | 14 | DS2 |
14 | Drive Sel 0 | 14 | DS2 | 12 | DS11 | |
16 | Motor On | 16 | Motor² | 10 | DS0 | |
18 | Direction | 18 | Direction | 18 | Direction | |
20 | Step | 20 | Step | 20 | Step | |
22 | Write Data | 22 | WData | 22 | Wdata | |
24 | Write Gate | 24 | WGate | 24 | Wgate | |
26 | Track 00 | I | 26 | TR 00 | 26 | TR 00 |
28 | Write Protect | I | 28 | WProt | 28 | WProt |
30 | Read Data | I | 30 | RData | 30 | Rdata |
32 | Side 1 | O | 32 | Side 1 | 32 | Side 1 |
34³ | Disk Changed | I | 34³ | DC | 34³ | DC |
¹ 1-33 . 5" 45 67.
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² , FDD (Motor On Drive Sel 0 : Motor On Drive Sel 1 :).
³ 34 XT .
, PC, Drive Sel 0 Motor On : Drive Sel 1 Motor On :. , DS 1 ( 12 ). DS0/DS1/DS2/DS3, DS1. DS1/DS2/DS3/DS4, , DS2. , . PC -. DS0, , , .
FDC (Floppy Drive Controller), , DMA . (. [4, 8, 9]). , , BIOS Int 13h (. 12.8.1) . BIOS . .
, IBM PC, NEC PD765, i8272. FDC ; 250 / ( SD, DD QD 5"), 500 / HD (1,2 1,44 ), 300 / SD, DD QD HD 5". , ED (2,88 ), 1000 /. , 250/300, 500 1000 /, 1, 2 4. 1 9 ( 512 ); 300 / 250 /, 360 / 300 /. 2 300 / ( HD 3,5") 18 , 360 / ( HD 5") 15 . 4, , . , . , , ( 10%) , .
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AT :
♦ FDC #1 ( ) 3F0h-3F7h ( FDC XT);
♦ FDC AT#2 () 370h-377h.
IRQ6 (BIOS Int 0Eh) . DMA2. . 9.2.
9.2.
(R , W ) | |
3F2 (372) | RW: DOR (Digital Output Register) : [4:7] , , , D: 1 ; 3:1 DMA2 IRQ6; 2:0 , 1 ; [1:0] 03. AT 6, 7 1 |
3F3 (373) | RW: TDR (Tape Drive Register) : [1:0] , . 00, ( : ) |
3F4 (374) | R: MSR (Main State Register) : 7 (DQM) : 1 / ; 6 (DIO) : 1 FDC → CPU; 5 (NON DMA) DMA: 1 DMA ; 4 (CMDBSY): 1 ; [0:3] :, :, :, D: ( AT 0, 1) |
3F4 (374)¹ | W: DSR (Datarate Select Register) : 7: 1 ( ); 6: 1 ; 5: 1 ( 0); [4:2] (000 ); [1:0] (00 500 /, 01 300 /, 10 250 /, 11 1 /) |
3F5 (375) | RW: DR (Data Register) / |
3F7 (377) | W: CCR (Configuration Control Register) (AT): [7:2] ; [1:0] (00 500 /, 01 300 /, 10 250 /, 11 1 /) |
3F7 (377) | R: DIR (Digital Input Register) ( AT): 7: 1= ( DC); [6:0] , |
¹ DSR i8272; AT- CCR, .
FDC 3F7 (377) HDC ( ), FDC HDC, , . ( ) 7 .
; TDR (Tape Drive Register), , ( ).
, DR (3F5) MSR (3F4). DR MSR=10xxxxxxb, MSR=11xxxxxxb. / , MSR, -. DOR (3F2) / , CCR (3F7) DSR (3F4) . DMA, . TC ( DMA) . .
1. ( DOR).
2. ( CCR).
3. .
4. ( 0,5 ).
5. .
6. DMA.
7. /.
8. . , , . , -.
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9. , , . , DMA /. (3) , , DMA /. , .
, . (BIOS Data Area, 0:0440) ( ), (0:043F). ( DOR ) , ( 2 ). IRQ0 (BIOS Int 08h) c 55 ( DOR). , , . , , BIOS , .
.
1. . DQM=1 DIO=0, . DR , . DQM . DQM . , H, R, N DTL, EOT, SC, GPL .
2. , DMA, (PIO). DMA DRQ DACK# . DMA , DQM . ( ST0), .
3. DQM=1 DIO=1, DR, DQM=1 DIO=0, .
MSR CMD BSY=1. ( ) DOR DSR. , DQM=1 DIO=1, DR. DR , 80h ( ).
FIFO 16 , ( ) DR; i8272 FIFO . DR . , . , . DR , (16 ) . DR , , . , DR . DR MSR ( FIFO ).
9.2. ATA/ATAPI (IDE)
ATA (AT Attachment for Disk Drives) 19861990 . IBM PC AT ISA. , X3T10, 40- . ( PC/AT) , IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics). AT , ATA . ATA .
♦ - ATA . - ATA. - -.
♦ (Master) , ATA Device-0 ( 0).
♦ (Slave) , Device-1 ( 1).
- -, . -. , , (DEV) (drive/head register). DEV=0, , DEV=1 . , . , - , . , ATA, . ATAPI, , (Package Interface, PI). SCSI. ATA.
ATA : (cylinder), (head) (sector) CHS. . ATA , (, , ). . . CHS ATA 267 386 880 (65 536×16×255) (), 512 136 902 082 560 ( 137 ). LBA (Logical Block Addressing), () 28- , 268 435 455 (228) ( , CHS). AT, CHS, LBA, L ( 6) D/H; . ATAPI SCSI 32- , 2 ( 512- ).
ATA , . , , . ( ) . (. ), . - . . ATA . , , , - . IDE, () ATA. ATA-4 , .
IDE .
♦ ATA, AT-BUS, 16- AT. 40- 4- AT. (2,5" ) 44- , .
♦ PC Card ATA 16- 68- PC Card (PCMCIA) PC.
♦ XT IDE (8 ), XT-BUS, 40- , ATA, .
♦ MCA IDE (16 ) 72- , PS/2.
♦ ATA-2 ATA. 2 , 4 , PIO Mode 3, Multiword DMA Mode 1, Block mode, 8 , LBA CHS.
♦ Fast ATA-2 Multiword DMA Mode 2 (13,3 /), PIO Mode 4.
♦ ATA-3 ATA-2. , , SMART (Self Monitoring Analysis and Report Technology).
♦ ATA/ATAPI-4 ATA-3, Ultra DMA 33 / ATAPI. .
♦ ATA/ATAPI-5 ATA/ATAPI-4: , . Ultra DMA 66 /.
♦ ATA/ATAPI-6 ATA/ATAPI-5: / - , , Ultra DMA 100 /.
♦ Serial ATA .
♦ E-IDE (Enhanced IDE) , Western Digital. PCI VLB. 4 ( ), CD-ROM (ATAPI). PIO Mode 3, Multiword DMA Mode 1, 8 , LBA CHS. ATA-2.
ATA IDE, E-IDE, ATA-2, Fast ATA-2, ATA-3, ATA/ATAPI-4, ATA/ATAPI-5 ATA/ATAPI-6 . ( ATA ). , - .
ATA/ATAPI T13 (NCITS). ANSI. ATA/ATAPI-6 ATA, Serial ATA.