() - , , , - (+) (-) - .
, :
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
- Na+,
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + 2H2O
() 1/2Zn(OH)2.
, , , , f.
, f () = 1, f (l) = 1, Zn 2+ Zn 2+, f (Zn) = 1/2.
( ) . , :
=f ∙ (/) (1)
.
, V , ( ) - , .
( .., 0 = 273 , 0 = 760 . . 101,3 ), :
V = f ∙V = f ∙22,4 () (2)
, : () , () - ().
, , , .
1. : ) , f ; ) , ; ) , , , : 3 4, () 2, l 2 (S 4) 3
: , : 1
f = (3) n∙z
n - ,
z - .
, - , - . , +, - -, . :
3 4 ) f = 1/3, ) = 1/3{ 3 4 },
|
|
|
) = f ∙( 3 4) = 1/3(3,0 + 31,0 + 4∙16,0) = 98,0/3 = 32,7 /
() 2 ) f = 1/2, ) = 1/2{() 2 },
) = f ∙(() 2) = 1/2(40,1 + 2∙17,0) = 74,1/2 = 37,0 /.
l 2 (S 4) 3 ) f = 1/(2∙3) = 1/6, ) = 1/6{l 2 (S 4) 3 },
) = f ∙(l 2 (S 4) 3) = 1/6(2∙27,0 + 3∙96,0) = 342/6 = 57,0 /
(, , ) . () , N 2 , N - , (). .
| |||
 , n () ( ), ()
| f (H2) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (O2) = 1/(2×2) = 1/4; f (Cl2)= 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (O3) = 1/(3×2) = 1/6 | ||
| , n () ( ), ()
| f (Cr2O3)=1/(2×3)= 1/6; f (CrO) = 1/(1×2) = 1/2; f (H2O) = 1/(2×1) = 1/2; f (P2O5)=1/(2×5) = 1/10 | ||
 , n (H+) ( )
| f (HCl) = 1/1 = 1 f (H2SO4) = 1/2 f (H3PO4) = 1/3 | ||
 , n (H) - ( )
| f (KOH) = 1 f (Cu(OH)2) = 1/2 | ||
 , n () ( ), () ; n () , ()
| f (Cr2(SO4)3) = 1/(2 × 3) = 1/6 ( ) f (Cr2(SO4)3) = 1/(3 × 2) = 1/6 ( ) f (ZnCl2) = 1/(1×2) =1/2 ( ) f (NaCl) = 1/(1 × 1) =1/2 ( ) | ||
| - |  ,  ,
| Fe2+ + 2  → Fe0 f (Fe2+) =1/2; MnO4+8H++ 5 =Mn2+ + 4H2O f (MnO4) = 1/5
| |
 , z
| f (SO42) = 1/2 |
1800 : '' ''. :
.
, : :
m1/m2 = 1/2 (4)
, :
:
V1/V2 = V1∙V2 (5)
, :
m1/1=m2/2 (6)
.. , , .
(g, l Zn)
, .
|
|
|
, . . () , , . , .
, . .
. . , 10-15 , . , (''''); , , , . ( 1 ). , ( ) .
. 0,1 .
( ). .
, , . .
. () h (. . 2).
2 = - h (8)
( ):
V0∙0 V1∙2
= (9)
0 1
V0 - .., ;
0 - .., 760 . .;
0 - (..) 273 ;
1 - , ;
V1 - ;
2 - .
.., 1 : :
m - .. V0 ;
/ - 11200 .
(g, l, Zn), , . . :
- m ;
- V' ; V'' ;
- , t 0 ;
- . .;
- , h . .;
:
- V1 = V''-V', ;
- 2 . .;
- V0; ;
- (g, l, Zn), /;
- , (.), /;
- :
) , δ., ;
) , δ, %.
. , .
|
|
|
2 -
| , 0 | h, . . | , 0 | h, . . | , 0 | h, . . |
| 13 | 11,2 | 19 | 16,5 | 25 | 23,8 |
| 14 | 11,9 | 20 | 17,5 | 26 | 25,2 |
| 15 | 12,6 | 21 | 18,7 | 27 | 26,7 |
| 16 | 13,6 | 22 | 19,8 | 28 | 28,1 |
| 17 | 14,5 | 23 | 21,1 | 29 | 29,8 |
| 18 | 15,5 | 24 | 22,4 | 30 | 31,6 |
1 ( 1) ()
1.
:
) - 4- ;
) - ;
) (..) -
. , (III), , (III) - .
2.
.
. 3 + 34 = 4 + 2 + 2
3. !
. (..) 2 ?
4.
. 1,80 883 (..).
.
