15. I'm meeting an old friend next week.
It's the first time.....................for ten years.
16. There is a knock at the door, (someone, interrupt). This is the second time.....................this evening.
17. They must have come into a fortune. The Harrods' delivery van has been at their door three times this week. That's the fourth...............
18. The meeting has already begun, and Nick is not here again. He has already missed one meeting this term.
It's the second.....................
19. Look! He is wearing a tie today. I've never seen him wearing a tie.
This is the only occasion that I.....................
10. Practice the following according to the model. Model: You may leave the child with her.
She is fond of children. She always has been.
1.1 don't like their parties. They are dull. 2. It's difficult to k him for anything. He is a hard man. 3. Let's buy flowers
for her. She is fond of flowers. 4. He is an unpleasant person. He is too nosey. 5. I can't say anything bad about her. She is a nice girl. 6. It's a beautiful place but it is rainy. 7. He still lives here. 8. She still works for us. 9. I think she knows the truth about us. 10. They are very obiiging. They answer my letters regularly.
11. Read the situations and then complete them using the Present Perfect.
Model: It's cold in the room (the window, to be open,
for a long time).
The widow has been open for a long time. 1. It's getting colder every day (winter, to come). 2. It's warm (the weather, to be fine, all week). 3. Peter is absent (he, to be ill, for a week). 4. She can't show you the way there (never to be there). 5. He may go to the cinema (he, to do one's work). 6. I can't say anything about this play (not to see it, yet). 7. We may go for a walk (the rain, to stop). 8. She knows English well (to live in England, for three years). 9. Don't describe the place to me (I, to be there, several times). 10. I know him very well (to be friends since childhood). 11. You look wonderful (I, just, to come back, after, a good rest). 12. She walks with a limp (no wonder, she, to have, a bad car crash). 13. John expects to get a decent rise (he, to work, at the company, for many years). 14. It is her first visit to this country (she, not to be there before). 15. Ellen is looking for a job (she, to be out of work, for six months). 16. He is a fantastically successful author (he to sell, over one million copies of his books).
12. Answer the following questions using the Present Perfect.
1. What films have you seen this month? 2. What new places have you visited this year? 3. What new buildings have appeared in your town during the year? 4. How much money have you spent this week? 5. How many lectures have you missed this term? 6. How many telephone calls have you made
since the beginning of this week? 7. What has the weather been like this month? 8. What different types of lessons have you had today? 9. How many holidays have you spent abroad over the past three years? 10. Which of your friends haven't you seen for some time? 11. How long have you lived in your present house?
12. How many reports have you made at the seminars so far?
13. How many times have you been to a disco this month? 14. How many questions have you answered so far? 15. How long has it taken to complete this exercise?
13. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
1. This is my house. How long you (live) here? I (live) here since 1970.
2. He (live) in London for two years and then (go) to Edinburgh.
3. You (wear) your hair long when you were at school? Yes, my mother (insist) on it. But when I (leave) school I (cut) my hair and (wear) it short ever since.
4. Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays.
5. My brother (write) several plays. He just (finish) his second tragedy.
6. I (fly) over Loch Ness last week. You (see) the Loch Ness monster?
7. I (not see) him for three years. I wonder where he is.
8. When he (arrive)? He (arrive) at 2.00.
9. You (lock) the door before you left the house?
10. I (read) his books when I was at school. I (enjoy) them very much.
11. I can't go out because I (not finish) my work.
12. I (write) a letter but I can't find a stamp.
13. The clock is slow. It isn't slow, it (stop).
14. Here are your shoes, I just (clean) them.
15. I (leave) home at 8.00 and (get) at twelve.
16. I (do) this sort of work when I (be) an apprentice.
17. He just (go) out.
18. He (go) out ten minutes ago.
19. The concert (begin) at 2.30 and (last) for two hours. Everyone (enjoy) it very much.
20. The play just (begin). You are a little late.
21. The actors (arrive) yesterday and (start) rehearsals early this morning.
22. It (be) very cold this year. I wonder when it is going to get warmer.
23. We (miss) the bus. Now we'll have to walk.
24. Mr Pound is the bank manager. He (be) here for five years.
25. Mr Count (work) as a cashier for twenty-five years. Then he (retire) and (go) to live in the country.
14. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Past Simple. Fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary used in the preceding verb.
1. - I (lose) my black gloves. You (see) them anywhere?
- No, I'm afraid I.... When you last (wear) them?
- I (wear) them at the theatre last night.
- Perhaps you (leave) them at the theatre.
2. - Who you (vote) for at the last election?
- I (vote) for Mr Pitt.
- He (not be) elected, (be) he?
- No, he (lose) his deposit.
3. - You (hear) his speech on the radio last night?
- Yes, I....
- What you (think) of it?
4. - You (see) today's paper?
- No, anything interesting (happen)?
- Yes, two convicted murderers (escape) from the
prison down the road.
5. - How long that horrible monument (be) there?
- It (be) there six months. Lots of people (write) to the Town Council asking them to take it away but so far nothing (be) done.
- I just (be) to the film War and Peace. You (see) it?
- No, I.... Is it like a book?
- I(not read)the book.
- I (read) it when I (be) at school.
- When Tolstoy (write) it?
- He (write) it in 1868.
- He (write) anything else?
7. - Where you (be)?
- I (be) to the dentist.
- He (take) out your bad tooth?
- Yes, he....
- It (hurt)?
- Yes, horribly.
g - You (see) the Renoir exhibition?
- No, I......? Where is it on?
- At the academy. I (be) twice. I never (see) most of the pictures before. They are wonderful.
15. Translate into English using the Present Perfect Tense.
1. Я не видела его с тех пор, как он поступил в университет.
2. Он никогда не выигрывал приз.
3. Студенты только что отправились в музей.
4. Я полагала, что она уже сдала экзамены.
5. Как долго вы знакомы?
6. Я не была в этом театре раньше.
7. Это самые лучшие каникулы, которые у меня когда-либо были.
8. Это первый концерт джазовой музыки, на котором я побывала.
9. Мы не можем покататься на лыжах потому, что ещё выпало недостаточно снега.
10. Не разочаровывай меня. Ты всегда был надёжным человеком.
11. Она когда-нибудь забывала о своём обещании?
12. Вы уже решили, какую тему выбрать для своей курсовой работы?
13. Какие выставки вы посетили в этом месяце?
14. Она всегда была добрым человеком. Ты можешь обратиться к ней за помощью в любое время.
15. Она уже уехала? - Нет. Её поезд отправляется в 7.
16. Она не покупала себе новое пальто уже три года.
17. Он побывал в Лондоне три раза.
18. Я пока не нашёл новую работу.
16. Complete the passage below, using the correct form of the verb in brackets (Present Perfect or Past Simple).
The Olympic Games
The original Olympic Games (begin) around 800 B.C. in Ancient Greece, and (continue) until they (be) abolished by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in AD 393. The first modern Olympics (take place) in Athens in 1896, and since then, more than a dozen different countries (stage) the Summer Olympics. The cities of Paris, London, Berlin and Los Angeles (stage) the Olympics twice.
In 1956, Australia (become) the first country outside Europe and America to stage the Olympics, while Mexico (be) the first Latin American country to stage the Olympics, in 1968.
Many of he greatest athletes in the world (take part) in the Olympic Games, but no one (equal) the achievements of the great Finnish athlete, Paavo Nurmi, who between 1920 and 1928 (win) nine gold and three silver medals.
The Olympic Games (see) many tragedies and triumphs. For example, in the marathon of 1908, the little Italian, Dorando Pietri (collapse) five times in the last part of the race, but (come) first - only to be disqualified because spectators (help) him over the finishing line. And in 1936, the famous black American athlete Jesse Owens, (break) six world records in a single day!
From the first modern Olympics in Athens, when only fourteen countries (participate), the Olympics (grow) to include over 140 countries. Gold, silver and bronze medals (go) to over 8.OOO men and women.
17. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or Past Simple.
Barbara Lively, the writer, is married with two children. She (write) over 40 books. She (start) writing after the death of her first husband. She (live) in many parts of the world, including Japan and India.
She (spend) her childhood in Egypt, but (come) to England in 1966.
She (write) both prose and poetry, but is best known for her romantic novels. She (win) many awards, including the Booker Prize, which she (win) in 1988 for the novel Dark Times To Come.
1. Ask and answer all possible questions on the text. Work in pairs.
2. Retell the text as it is.
3. Speak about you favourite writer.
18. Read the following text which is a short biography of the film star Elizabeth Taylor.
Elizabeth Taylor
Elizabeth Taylor was born in England in 1932. She was a very beautiful child, with black hair and violet-blue eyes. In 1939, she and her family moved to America, where film makers soon noticed her beauty. She became a child star at the age of nine, and appeared in the films Lassie and National Velvet. Elizabeth Taylor is one of the few child stars who have continued to be successful as adults. She has made many films in her adult career, including Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 1958 and Cleopatra in 1962. Her private life has not been as successful as her career in films. She has been married eight times. Her first marriage, which was when she was eighteen, ended after one year;
her third husband, Mike Todd, was killed in an air crash; her fifth and sixth marriages were to the same man, Richard Burton probably the man who she loved the most. She has often been ill with back problems and has had many operations. In 1981 after her second divorce from Burton, she became very depressed and turned to food, alcohol, and drugs for comfort. For the first time in her life her beauty left her and she put on a lot of weight. However, in 1983, she went to stay at the Betty Ford Clinic, where she worked hard to give up her addictions. Today she is a grandmother and she has her film-star looks again.
/. Ask and answer all possible questions.
2. Retell the text as it is.
3. Speak about your favourite actor or actress.
19. Read the telephone conversation and complete it with already, yet or still.
Sue: Hi, Mum. Is everything OK?
Mother: Oh, hello, Sue. I've had a very busy day. Peter has...
come. I wasn't expecting him until this evening. Sue: Oh, dear. Do you need my help? Mother: No, don't worry. If your brother doesn't get in the
way, I'll be all right. By the way, have you collected
Peter's birthday present...? Sue: Yes. I've... done that. I went to the shop this morning.
But I haven't had time to buy his birthday cake... •
I'm... at the office and I've... got quite a lot to do
here. Mother: Never mind. I've already prepared the bedrooms. But
I haven't started cooking the meal...; I'm... tiding
up the dining room. I suppose I can always ask Peter
to help.
Sue: Poor Mum. I hope the guests don't arrive too early1 Mother: Come as soon as you finish at the office. Bye for
now. Sue: See you later. Bye.
20. Read the interview with Paul Carrack, a musician. Answer the questions after the dialogue and reproduce it. Work in pairs.
Interview with a musician
(I = Interviewer, P = Paul Carrack) I: How long have you been in the music business, Paul? P: For about twenty years, I guess. I've never had another job.
I've only been a musician.
I: And how old were you when you started playing? P: It was when I was just a kid, I taught myself to play. I tried a
few instruments first the drums. After that it was piano, and
then later keyboards. I: Do you play any other instruments? P: Only the guitar. I play the guitar sometimes. That's all. I: When did you start playing professionally? P: While I was still at school. I left school at sixteen. I was playing in a band, working on Saturday evenings in pubs and
clubs. When I left school, my only ambition was to be in a
pop group.
I: And which groups have you played with over the years? P: Let me see - I'll try and remember. I've played with Roxy
Music, and The Smiths. I've given concerts with them. And
then I've made records with the Pretenders and Madness -
and of course Ace, I mustn't forget Ace. I: Why is Ace so important to you? P: Well, I had my first hit record with Ace in 1974. The song
was called "How long?" and it was a big hit all over the
world.
I: And now you're with Mike and the Mechanics. How long
have you played with them?
P: Since 1985. We've made a couple of records and we've done
two tours of America. I'm the singer - the vocalist. Mike
plays the guitar.
I: Do you travel a lot?
P: Well, I often think that I've traveled all over the world, but I
haven't really. I've worked a lot in Europe: Germany, France,
Italy, and then of course in America. I always wanted to work in America. I was really pleased when some of my records were successful there. But there are lots of places I haven't been to yet Eastern Europe, Japan, South America. I'd love to play in these place«
I: Paul - you've obviously made a lot of records. Do you know exactly how many?
P: That's a difficult question...
I: What about how many?
P: Oh, I don't know. Perhaps about twenty... yeah, probably about twenty.
I: And have you always worked with groups? Have you ever made a record on your own?
P: Yes, last summer. I made it in the summer and it came out in October.
I: And is it doing well?
P: Yes, quite well, especially in America. My records are often played on radio there - more than here in Britain. People have heard of me there. I'm not a superstar - of course I'm not - but people know my name and then they buy my albums!
I: And so this has been a busy year for you?
P: Yes. Yes, I've had a very busy year. I've toured the States twice with Mike and the Mechanics and... I've made my own album, and I've done a tour of Germany... So yeah, a busy year, but a good one.
I: And something you've forgotten!
P: What's that?
I: You've had a number one record. You were top of the pops in February!
P: That's right! It was called "The Living Years". It was number one in Britain and in America!
/. How many jobs has Paul had?
2. Did he have music lessons?
3. Was he already making money as a musician when he left school?
J|f 4. Which groups has he played with over the years?
5. Did he want to go to America?
6. Why do his records do well in America?
7. He has had a busy year. What has he done?
8. What countries has he been to?
9. Has he made his own album?
21. Read the story life of two brothers. Ask and answer questions. Compare the lives of the t\vo brothers.
Two Brothers
Emilio and Maximilian are brothers. They are both old men now. They grew up together on a farm in Argentina, but since then they have led very different lives. When Emilio left school at the age of fourteen, he started work on their father's farm. He really enjoyed the simple village life and when their father died, Emilio took over the farm. All his life Emilio has lived in the old farmhouse where he was born. "I've never wanted to live anywhere else", he says. "This is my home. I feel that I'm part of it is part of me".
So for over 70 years Emilio's life has changed very little. When he was 22, he married his childhood sweetheart, Pilar, from the next village, and they have been happily married ever since. Two years ago they celebrated their golden wedding anniversary. It was a big celebration. Everybody from miles around was there, including Emilio and Pilar's six children and their fifteen grandchildren.
Emilio and Pilar have never been abroad. Until he was 60, Emilio went to Buenos Aires once a year, but since his sixtieth birthday he hasn't left the village. "Well, yes, I've had a good life", he says, "but I haven't done very much. Now, look at my brother, Maximilian. He left the village as soon as he had the chance. He hasn't visited us very much in the last twenty years, but we've read about him in the newspaper and we've seen him on TV, too. Yes, Max has had a very interesting life".
When he left school, Maximilian also started work on the family farm. But he soon became bored. Country life wasn't for him. And so at the age of 18 he left the village. He's only been
back three times since then. He went to Buenos Aires and there he got a job on a ship that was sailing to the USA. On the ship he met a rich American businessman. He liked Maximilian and offered him a job. Maximilian learnt quickly and in the next ten years he made a lot of money on Wall Street. He became a millionaire when he was only 25. Since then he has been part of the international jet set. He's had three wives. When he was 30 he married a beautiful model, but she died two years later in a car crash. His second and third marriages both ended in divorce. For the last ten years he has lived alone in his luxury villa in the Bahamas. His family life has not been happy. Two years ago his son went to prison. One of his two daughters has become a drug addict. He's been on television several times and the newspapers have followed his life closely. For the whole of his life he has loved to travel. He's visited almost every country in the world. "Yes, I've made a lot of money. I've been everywhere and I've done everything. But has it made me happy? Not really. Now look at my brother, Emilio. For seventy years his life hasn't changed at all. But he's happy. Yes, Emilio is a happy man".
The Past Perfect
\Ve form the Past Perfect with had + the past participle (gone, opened, written, etc.)
The Past Perfect is used:
1. to express an action that happened before a certain moment in the past. The moment may be indicated by another past action expressed by a verb in the Past Indefinite or by adverbial phrases, such as by five o'clock, by Sunday, by the end of the year, by that time, etc. With these phrases the Past Perfect does not denote priority but only the completion of action.
/ arrived at midday to give Nick a lift but he had already
left to catch his train.
He did not want to go to the cinema because he had seen
the film on TV.
By three o'clock yesterday he had arranged everything for
the trip.
2. for the earlier of the two past events in time clauses with conjunctions when, till, until, as soon as, before, after if we need to make a time distinction between two past events.
As soon as (when, after) they had finished breakfast the
children went out to play.
He didn't leave the house until he had checked that all the
windows were closed.
After he had given the police his name and address, he was
allowed to go.
NOTE: The Past Indefinite can be used in the time clause if there is the idea that the second action is the result of the first, and that it happened immediately afterwards.
When I heard the postman I went down to see if there wcis
any mail.
I sat outside until ti.e sun went down.
3. The Past Perfect is frequently used (like the Present Perfect) with the adveibs never, already, just, yet, still, before, since, for.
When I last spoke to him he hadn 't yet had the result.
He wanted to visit London very much because he had never
been there before.
When he got there the meeting had just started.
4. The Past Perfect is used in reporting speech.
She said she had sent the telegram. I added that he had acted stupidly.
5. The Past Perfect is usually used with adverbs hardly (scarcely)... when, no sooner... than. Very often the inverted word-order is used with these adverbs for emphasis.
The train had hardly (scarcely) left the station when there
was an explosion.
Hardly had the train left the station when there was an
explosion.
I had scarcely entered the room when the telephone rang
Scarcely had I entered the room when the telephone rang.
No sooner had I reached the door than I realized it was
locked.
NOTE: hardly (scarcely)... when is translated into Russian -едва... как, No sooner... than - как только, не успел... как.
Practice
/. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the
Past Perfect.
Model 1: Most of my friends were no longer there. They had left (leave).
Model 2: Mr And Mrs Davis were in an aeroplane.
They were very nervous as the plane took off because they (fly) had never flown before.
1. My best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He... (go) away.
2. The local cinema was no longer open. It... (close)
down.
3. Mr Johnson was no longer alive. He... (die).
4. I didn't recognize Mrs Johnson. She... (change) a lot.
5. Bill no longer had his car. He... (sell) it.
6. The woman was a complete stranger to me. I... (see) before.
7. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. She... (be/late).
8. Jane played tennis yesterday, at least she tried to play tennis. She wasn't very good at it because she (play)....
9. It was Keith's first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn't know what to do. He... (drive).
10. From downstairs came the sound of a radio playing a song I (not hear) before.
12. You have to make sentences using the words in brackets. Model: I wasn't hungry. (I/just/have/lunch.) I had just had lunch.
1. Tom wasn't at home when I arrived, (he/just/go out.)
2. We arrived at the cinema late, (the film/already/begin.)
3. They weren't eating when I went to see them, (they/just/finish/their dinner.)
4. I invited Ann to dinner last night but she couldn't come, (she/already/arrange/to do something else.)
5. I was very pleased to see Nora again after such a long time. (I/not/see/her for five years.)
6. Last year our profits were higher than (they, ever, be).
7. When they entered the conference hall (the discussion, already, start).
8. I couldn't recollect that (I, ever, promise, to help him).
9. She apologized that (she, not read, my report, yet).
10. He knew much about the city, (he, live, in London, for a long time).
3. Combine the following sentences using the Past Perfect. Use
the conjunctions when, after, before, where necessary.
Model 1: She took some pictures of London. She showed us the
pictures.
She showed us;he pictures she had taken in London. Model 2: Everybody went to bed. I came home.
When I came home, everybody had gone to bed.
1. He wrote a letter then he went to post it.
2. Ann prepared a beautiful meal for her guests. They all enjoyed it.
3. He left his passport behind. He couldn't find the passport.
4. They saw a play at the National Theatre. Then they discussed it.
5. He failed the examination twice. He gave up hope of passing it.
6. I came to the office. The manager signed all the documents.
7. The football match began. We reached the stadium.
8. The weather kept dry for a week. We came to the seaside.
9. They traveled four hundred miles. They reached the end of their journey.
10. The children did their homework. Their mother allowed them to watch TV.
11. We had a good rest. Our guests all left.
12. I saw her somewhere. I recognized her.
13. I had a bath. I went to bed.
14. The guests left. I started tidying up.
15. Nobody remained on the ship. The captain left it.
4. Complete the sentences using the Past Perfect.
1. We told her that he... (to buy a TV-set). 2. The man at the station said that the train... (to leave already). 3. Mary told me that she... (not to get a letter from her son yet). She said
that she... (not to hear from him for some weeks). 4. He understood that he... (to get off at the wrong station). 5. He said that his parents... (always to live in the country). 6. I didn't know that she... (to change her address). 7. He didn't remember how jt all... (to happen). 8. We were sure that she... (to tell the truth). 9.1 saw that the child... (to catch a cold). 10. She hoped that I... (to pay for the tickets already). 11. When he woke up next morning and looked out of the window he understood that it... (to rain heavily during the night). 12. When we came back, the telegram... (to arrive already). 13. When I got to the station the train... (already to leave). 14. The rain... (already to stop) when we started. 15. When I finished school by elder sister... (to be a teacher for two year). 16. We... (to make all the ar-rangements already) when we learned that he wouldn't come. 17.1 knew her immediately because my brother... (to describe her to me very well). 18. The militiaman stopped her because she... (to cross the street in the wrong place). 19. I was not hungry because I... (to have lunch just an hour before). 20. Nobody knew when he came in because he... (to enter the house through the back door). 21. I thought he knew English well because he... (to live in England for some years). 22. It happened to him because he... (always to be too sure of himself). 23. As soon as they... (to take a decision) they could discuss less important questions. 24. After we... (to make a fire) it became warm. 25. When I... (to throw out all the old newspapers and magazines), I could arrange my new books nicely on the shelf. 26. After he... (to pay the money for the plane tickets) he had very little left in his pockets. 27.1 met her soon after I... (to learn the news). 28. When he... (to finish his work) he went to bed. 29. By three o'clock yesterday he (already, arrange) everything for the trip. 30. Nobody (finish) their course-papers by the appointed time. 31. The authorities (settle) all the transport problems by the end of the last year. 32. The letter still (not arrive) by the end of the week.
5. Write the sentences using the Past Indefinite for one verb in each example, and the Past Perfect for the remaining verb.
1. The result last term (be) better than anyone (expect).
2. What (happen) next was just what everyone (fear).
3. No one (agree; with him. This was something he (not anticipate).
4. They (make) better progress than they ever (dare) to hope for.
5. They (begin) the exploration of a territory that no European ever (set) foot on before.
6. The motorist (discover) to his relief that he (not take) the wrong road after all.
