, , , (2).
1.1
, , | |
: 1) (, ), 2) : , ( ), , ( ); , (Be, Zn, Sn, Pb, Al, Cr ..) | N (II) N2 (I) (II) Si (II) g d Ni (II) u2 (I) u (II) , . S2 (IV) 25 (V) Si2 (IV) n27 (VII) r3 (VI) Zn Sn (II) Pb (II) Al23 r23 (III) |
1.1
, , | |
1. 2. 3. , , 4. 5. | + 2 = 2 S + 2 = S2 2u + 2 = 2u 4Al + 32 = 2Al23 22S + 32 = 2S2 + 22 2 + 2 = 22 2Pb(NO3)2 = 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 NiCO3 = NiO + CO2 Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O Fe2O3 + 2Al = 2Fe + A2O3 V2O5 + 5Ca = 2V + 5CaO 3Mn3O4 + 8Al = 9Mn + 4Al2O3 4MnO2 = 2Mn2O3 + O2 4o + 2 = 2o23 4CrO3 = 2Cr2O3 + 32 |
1.1
, , | |
: 1) ( ) ; , 2) , 3) : 1) , ; , 2) , , 3) , , | + 2 = ()2 N2 + 2 = 2N u + 2 ≠ g + 2l = gl2 + 2 u + 2S4 = uS4 + 2 + 2 = 3 d + S2 = dS3 S2 + 2 = 2S3 N25 + 2 = 2N3 Si2 + 2 ≠ S2 + N = NS3 S2 + 2N = N2S3 + 2 25 + 6 = 234 + 32 S2 + u = uS3 N23 + = (N2)2 + 2l = l2 + 2 + 2N = N22 + 2 +2N+ 2 = N2[()4] (ΙΙ) Zn + 2N = N2Zn2 + 2 Zn+2N+2 = N2[Zn()4] (ΙΙ) Pb + 2N = N2Pb2 + 2 Pb+2N+2 = N2[Pb()4] (ΙΙ) |
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, , , - (), , NaOH Û Na+ + OH.
1.2
, , | |
- ( -) . () , | NaOH Ca(OH)2 Cr(OH)3 NaOH, Ca(OH)2 Cd(OH)2↓, g(OH)2↓ l(OH)3↓ Zn(OH)2↓ |
1. . 2. () , , , | All3 + 3N = Al(OH)3↓ + 3Nl Fe(NO3)3+3KOH = Fe(OH)3↓+3KNO3 2N + 22 = 2NOH + 2↑ N2 + 2 = 2NOH N + 2 = NOH + 2↑ 2N22 + 22 = 4NOH + 2↑ |
1.2
, , | |
: 1) , ( ); 2) , ; 3) , ; 4) , 5) ( ) | Na + l = Nal + 2 u(OH)2 + 2S4 = uS4 + 22 Ca(OH)2 + 2 = 3↓ + 2 6KOH + Fe2(SO4)3 = = 2Fe(OH)3↓ + 3K2SO4 Al(OH)3 + 3l = All3 + 32 Al(OH)3 + N = NAl2 + 2 Al(OH)3 + 3N = N3[Al()6] u(OH)2 = u + 2 2Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 32 |
, , , , , HNO3 Û + + NO3
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1.3
, , | |
, α .., | HBr , H2S HNO3 , HMnO4 l H2SO4 34 l, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4 H2CO3, H2S, HCN, H2SO3, |
1.3
, , | |
1. 2. , , 3. , , | N2O5 + H2O = 2HNO3 P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4 MnO3 + H2O = H2MnO4 Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2SiO3↓ H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl ↑ 2NaCl + H2SO4(.) = Na2SO4 + 2HCl ↑ |
: 1) , ( ), 2) , 3) , ; , , ( ), 4) , | 2S4 + 2NOH = N2S4 + 22 2l + u(OH)2 = ul2 + 22 2l + g = gl2 + 2 2HNO3 + u = u(NO3)2 + 2 Mg + H2SO4(.) = MgSO4 + H2↑ Cu+2H2SO4(.) = CuSO4 + SO2↑ + 2H2O 2l + N2O3 = 2Nl + 2↑ + 2 |
, .
1.4
, , | |
: 1) () ; 2) ( ); 3) - ( ); 4) ( N4+) ; 5) , , | NO3 NO3 Û + + NO3 HS HS Û + + S Al(OH)Cl2 AlOHCl2 Û (AlO)2+ + 2Cl FeNH4(SO4)2 FeNH4(SO4)2 Û Fe3+ + N4+ + 2SO42 Na2[Zn(OH)4] Na2[Zn(OH)4] Û 2Na+ + [Zn(OH)4]2 |
: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) | H2SO4 + KOH = KSO4 + H2O H2SO4 + 2KOH = K2SO4 + 2H2O HCl + Bi(OH)3 = Bi(OH)2Cl↓ + H2O 2HCl + Na2O = 2NaCl + H2O 2HCl + Na2SO3= 2NaCl + SO2↑ + H2O K2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + 2KCl 2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl Ca + S = CaS |
1.4.
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, , | |
6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) | 2Fe + 6HCl = 2FeCl3 + 3H2↑ 4Zn + 10HNO3(.) = 4Zn(NO3)2 + + NH4NO3 + 3H2O Cu + HgCl2 = CuCl2 + Hg SiO2 + MgO = MgSiO3 2NaOH + CuCl2= Cu(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl 2NaOH + Cl2 = NaCl + NaClO + H2O 2KI + Cl2 = 2KCl + I2 NaOH + CO2 = NaHCO3 2NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2O 2KCl3 = 2KCl + 32↑ |
: 1) 2) 3) 4) 2 4 , , | FeSO4 + Mg = Fe + MgSO4 Cu(NO3)2 + Zn = Zn(NO3)2 + Cu FeCl3 + 3NaOH = 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓ CuSO4 + H2S = CuS↓ + H2SO4 CaCl2 + Na2SO4 = CaSO4↓ + 2NaCl |