: .
Linux . . , , , (, , ). .
, Ctrl+Alt+ FN, N . , Ctrl+Alt+F1 , Ctrl+Alt+F2 , . , Ctrl: Alt+F1, Alt+F2, . . , X-, GNU/Linux, .
, : , , .
, , - . , . .
, , . , . . , .
. : gnome-terminal ( Gnome), Konsole ( KDE), xterm, rxvt. .
, , , . ( / -root).
! (, Konsole) (, bash) . ( shell) , , . , .
(prompt)
, . , :
user@computer:/current/directory$
:
user
computer
/current/directory . , (~).
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$ , (root) . , (#), , ($).
, , , . >.
.
:
<> []
: <> :
1. (, export alias). .
2. , . PATH, ( , Windows). , . , awk.
3. ( ). , . , /usr/bin/gcc.
[] .
, bash, , (, pwd, echo, test). , , .
DOS Windows. , , command.com cmd.exe PATH, . , , . Linux , . , , , :
./program
, .. 3.
echo
echo This is a test line
cp ( copy) . , /boot/grub/menu.lst /etc/inittab /etc/mtab /tmp:
cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /etc/inittab /etc/mtab /tmp
... (/boot/grub/menu.lst -> /boot/grub/menu.lst.bak:
cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst.bak
cat ( catenate, '') :
cat ~//
:
cat ~//__ ~//__
.
, , ( /boot/grub/menu.lst boot, grub, menu.lst). . , , .
"~". , "~" . : ~// → /home/vasya//.
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. . , X Y. :
, , justin_bieber.ogg:
..//justin_bieber.ogg
: subdir , text.txt:
subdir/text.txt
. , : pwd
( : ) : cd " "
cd .
, DOS/Windows! , : cd , - .
file1 file2:
cp file1 file2
file1 , .. :
mv file1..
. , mydir:
cd..
mv mydir/file1.
, :
. ()
.. ( )
C:?
Windows , : C:, D:, E: .
Linux (/). "" . , .. , CD/DVD-, (.. ) . .
. mount.
, /media/_/_ /var/media/_/_. , TOSHIBA TransMemory Ubuntu vasya, "/media/vasya/TOSHIBA TransMemory". , , , .
, , , . , , . , , , .
, Linux, . , . , .
/bin
bin - `binaries' (.. ). . Unix .
/dev
"" dev - , , , .. , , , /dev/mouse. , fd - . fd0 - , fd1 - . /dev/ttys, /dev/cua . , /dev/ttys0 `COM1' MS-DOS.
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/dev/cua "" (``callout'') , .
, hd, . /dev/hda , hda1 /dev/hda.
/dev/tty " " ( alt-F1, alt-F2 ..). /dev/tty1 , /dev/tty2 ..
, /dev/pty, "". "". , , telnet /dev/pty.
/etc
etc . /etc/passwd( ), /etc/groups( ), /etc/rc ( ) ..
/sbin
sbin , .
/home
home .
/lib 4
lib (shared library images). , . , , /lib. .
/proc
proc - " " procfs, , . , , , .
/tmp
, . /tmp ( ).
/usr
usr - , , . , , , , /usr . , .
/usr/X11R6 - The X Window System, .
/usr/bin - UNIX. , , , /bin .
/usr/etc /etc, .
/usr/include - include-(header - ) .
/usr/lib - -"" "" , /lib. "" , /usr/lib,
/lib, . , /usr/lib .
/usr/local - /usr - , /usr/man - . "" . ( "man man" ). , /usr/man/man1 ( ) 1 usr/man/cat1 1.
/usr/src - ( ) . /usr/src/linux, Linux.
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/var
var , . :
/var/adm - , , , , . , .
/var/spool - , . , , /var/spool/mail , . 5
/var/spool/news ..
, . , , . , , . .
, , . , , , . . [TAB] / , .
[20:41:52][alex][~]: cd /home/alex/
[TAB]
[20:41:52][alex][~]: cd /home/alex/\ /
[TAB] / , . "" :
[20:41:52][alex][~]: ls /usr/share/ic
[TAB][TAB]
iceweasel/ icons/