. .
1
2002
1
1. .
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
Each organization can be represented as a three-story structure or a pyramid. Each story corresponds to one of the three general levels of management: top managers, middle managers, and first-line managers. At the basic level of this pyramid there are operating employees.
A top manager is an upper-level executive who guides and controls the overall activities of the organization. Top managers constitute a small group. They are generally responsible for the organization's planning and developing its mission. They also determine the firm's strategy and its major politics. It takes years of hard work as well as talent and good luck, to reach the ranks of top managers. They are president, vice president, chief executive officer, and member of the Board.
A middle manager is a manager who implements the strategy and major policies handed down from the top level of the organization. Middle managers develop tactical plans, policies, and standard operating procedures, and they coordinate and supervise the activities of first-line managers. Titles at the middle-management level include division manager, department head, plant manager, and operations manager.
A first-line manager is a manager who coordinates and supervises the activities of operating employees. First-line managers spend most of their time working with employees, answering questions, and solving day-to-day problems. Most first-line managers are former operating employees who, owing to their hard work and potential, were promoted into management. Many of today's middle and top managers began their careers on this first management level. Common titles for first-line managers include office manager, supervisor, foreman and project manager.
Operating employees are not managers. They are qualified and non-qualified persons working for the organization. For their labour or services they get salaries or wages. They represent the work force of the organization.
A financial manager is primarily responsible for the organization's financial resources. Accounting and investment are specialized areas within financial management. Because financing affects the operation of the entire firm, many of the presidents of the largest companies are people who got their "basic training" as financial managers.
2. .
1. In what way can any organization be represented?
2. What are top managers responsible for?
3. What do middle managers do?
|
|
|
4. How much of their time do first line managers spend working with employees?
5.What are common titles for first-line managers?
3. .
Model: Many of today's middle and top managers began their careers on this first management level.
Didmany of today's middle and top managers begin their careers on this first management level?
4. - .
Model: 1. ?
Didnt you meet with him yesterday?
2. ?
Why hasnt he told you about that?
1. ? , .
2. ?
3. , ?
4. ? , .
5. ?
5. () . .
Model: like by night live. Live.
( : [laik] [bai] [nait] [ liv ])
1. high height weight lie
2. cook look pound could
3. easy head heavy weather
4. metre best ski leave
5. any many send place
6. town slow smoke post
7. month boss shop got
6. .
Model: because, affect, qua lify
Organization, represent, pyramid, correspond, general, management, operating, employee, executive, activity, constitute, responsible, developing, determine, strategy, politics, president, executive, officer, implement, standard, procedure, coordinate, supervise, department.
7. , , - , s ( , ,
3- ).
Model: My friend s father is a wholesaler. . . .
1. Moscow State University is one of the oldest universities in the world.
2. You can look through todays newspapers in our library.
3. It takes him twenty minutes to travel to work.
4. She is too young to understand what her parents are speaking about now.
5. He watches the evening TV news every night.
8. ( (Infinitive), e (Past Simple), (Present Participle) (Past Participle) :
Model:
to bring brought brought bringing.
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Past Participle | Present Participle |
| be | |||
| broke | |||
| get | |||
| spending | |||
| begun | |||
| thought | |||
| have | |||
| selling |
9. , , - .
|
|
|
Model: . Let us go the cinema today.
. Let the child go to bed.
1. .
2.
.
3. .
4. .
5. - .
10. - (Present Indefinite (Simple) Present Continuous).
Model: Look! That man tries/is trying to open the door of your car.
Is trying.
1. I usually go/am going to work by bus.
2.Tom usually plays/is playing football but today he plays/is playing tennis.
3. What language do they speak/are they speaking in Holland?
4. He works/is working until 7.00 p.m. every day.
5. Julia is very good at foreign languages. She speaks/is speaking four languages very well.
11. , Past Indefinite (Simple) Present Perfect;
.
Model: 1. We (do) a lot of written exercises in class.
We did a lot of written exercises in class last year.
2.I cant tell you anything about this film. I (not see) it yet.
I cant tell you anything about this film. I have not seen it yet.
1. I never (be) to China.
2. - Billy (break) his glasses twice this month.
- Really? He (break) them once last month too.
3. He (go) to France on holiday three years ago.
4. Her friend (translate) two English books into Russian.
5. I just (finish) work and (read) a book now.
12. .
Model: .Ill phone you tomorrow.
, .
If I see Kate, I'll invite her to the party.
1. (test paper).
2. .
3. . .
4. , .
5. , .
13. , , .
Model: 5 . .
The Professor speaks five languages. Right now he isspeaking Dutch.
1. .
2. 9 .
3. ? .
4. . .
5. 11 .
14. , , to be. .
Model: There (be) many interesting people at the party yesterday.
There were many interesting people at the party yesterday.
.
1. Look! There (be) a small boat with a man in it.
2. There (be) two large windows in my bedroom.
3. There (be) a few mistakes in your last dictation.
4. On his table there (be) a letter and some newspapers but he himself was not in the study.
5. I think there (be) many people at the party tomorrow.
15. , (Present Indefinite, Present Continuous Past Indefinite). .
Model: He (to spend) his holiday in Spain last year.
He spent his holiday in Spain last year. Present Indefinite (Simple)
1. Last Sunday we (to wake) up late.
2. Where is John? He (to play) tennis in the garden.
3. They (to visit) their good friends yesterday.
4. My son and his wife (to visit) us quite often.
|
|
|
5. The lecture on history was not long: it (to begin) at seven oclock and it (to be) over by eight.
16. .
Model: 1. , .
When the rain stops they will continue their way.
2. , .
If he has free time he will phone you.
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , .
5. , .
17.
.
Model: big bigger biggest; happy happier happiest; famous more famous most famous.
cheap; fat; young; interesting; old; hot; late; heavy; slow; easy; white; black; famous.
18. .
( ).
Model: What time do you usually get up? (When does your train leave?)
1....? Im twenty two years old.
2....? No, I dont work yet. I study.
3....? At Tver State University.
4....? Its 15 Radisheva Street, Tver.
5....? One brother. He is ten.
19. .
Model: What do you want to be?... I want to be an accountant.
He is from Brazil.... Where is he from?
1. Have you ever seen an unknown flying object ()?....
2. She came home very late yesterday and immediately went to bed....?
3. Are you doing anything this evening?....
4. I speak a little English....?
5. What time do you usually have lunch?....
20. ( , ).
Model: white black
Big; cheap; dark; easy; happy; hot; long; noisy; slow; tall; well; young; dirty.
