Sleep Disorders and Sleeping problems
Most of us have experienced trouble sleeping at one time or another. This is normal and usually temporary, due to stress or other outside factors. But if sleep problems are a regular occurrence and interfere with your daily life, you may be suffering from a sleep disorder. Sleep disorders cause more than just sleepiness. The lack of quality sleep can have a negative impact on your energy, emotional balance, and health. If youre experiencing sleeping problems, learn about the symptoms of common sleep disorders, what you can do to help yourself, and when to see a doctor.
Sleep can be a barometer of your overall health. In many cases, people in good health tend to sleep well, whereas those suffering from regular sleeping problems often have an underlying medical or mental health problem, be it minor or serious. Sleeping well is essential to your physical health and emotional well-being. Unfortunately, even minimal sleep loss can take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency, and ability to handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders can lead to poor health, weight gain, accidents, impaired job performance, and relationship strain. If you want to feel your best, stay healthy, and perform up to your potential, sleep is a necessity, not a luxury.
Questions
1. What sleeping problems can a person experience?
2. What is the reason f many sleep disorders?
3. What consequences might there be due to the sleep lack?
Arrange a round table discussion. Divide the group into two subgroups (tables) and discuss the following questions. Share the received information with each other.
TABLE 1
1. What time did you go to bed last night? What time did you get up?
2. Do you enjoy sleeping? Why? / Why not?
3. How often do you take a nap?
4. Do you ever sleep too much? Why? / Why not?
5. Do you ever listen to soft music to help you fall asleep? Why? / Why not?
6. Do you ever go to bed before nine oclock? Why? / Why not?
7. Is it ever a good idea to stay awake for 48 hours? Why? / Why not?
8. Why do children need more sleep than adults?
9. How often do you have nightmares (bad dreams)?
10. Do you ever have trouble falling asleep? Why? / Why not?
TABLE 2
1. How many hours of sleep do you need each night?
2. Do you enjoy waking up in the morning? Why? / Why not?
3. Do you ever fall asleep in your English class? Why? / Why not?
4. Do you ever snore?
5. Do you ever read at bedtime to help you fall asleep? Why? / Why not?
6. Do you ever go to bed after midnight? Why? / Why not?
7. How many hours a night should most people sleep?
8. In your classroom, who is usually the most tired? (guess)
9. Tell me about a dream that you had.
10. Which is better: being awake or being asleep? Why?
UNIT VII. DEVIANCE
Listen, read and learn new words.
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V ocabulary
| deviance deviant to mean means by means of odd or unacceptable behavior violation violation of societys norms to define definition strict rules regarding crime criminal minor offense traffic violations homicide rape closely related juvenile delinquency conformity to conform to something nonconformity mohawk hairstyles homeless people physical traits physical disabilities peer groups to include positive and negative sanctions expression of approval expression of disapproval to remind to conform to societys norms criminal justice system court punishment award laudatory mention in newspapers praise from parents | ˈdiːvɪəns ˈdiːvɪənt tuː miːn miːnz baɪ miːnz ɒv ɒd ɔːr ˌʌnəkˈsɛptəbl bɪˈheɪvjə ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃən ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃən ɒv səˈsaɪətiz nɔːmz tuː dɪˈfaɪn ˌdɛfɪˈnɪʃən strɪkt ruːlz rɪˈgɑːdɪŋ kraɪm ˈkrɪmɪnl ˈmaɪnər əˈfɛns ˈtræfɪk ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃənz ˈhɒmɪsaɪd reɪp ˈkləʊsli rɪˈleɪtɪd ˈʤuːvɪnaɪl dɪˈlɪŋkwənsi kənˈfɔːmɪti tuː kənˈfɔːm tuː ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˌnɒnkənˈfɔːmɪti ˈməʊhɔːk ˈheəˌstaɪlz ˈhəʊmlɪs ˈpiːpl ˈfɪzɪkəl treɪts ˈfɪzɪkəl ˌdɪsəˈbɪlɪtiz pɪə gruːps tuː ɪnˈkluːd ˈpɒzətɪv ænd ˈnɛgətɪv ˈsæŋkʃənz ɪksˈprɛʃən ɒv əˈpruːvəl ɪksˈprɛʃən ɒv ˌdɪsəˈpruːvəl tuː ˈrɪmaɪnd kənˈfɔːm tuː səˈsaɪətiz nɔːmz ˈkrɪmɪnl ˈʤʌstɪs ˈsɪstɪm kɔːt ˈpʌnɪʃmənt əˈwɔːd ˈlɔːdətəri ˈmɛnʃən ɪn ˈnjuːzˌpeɪpəz preɪz frɒm ˈpeərənts | , , 1) , 2) -. 1) , 2) , , , , , , , , , , |
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Read the text
Deviance
The word deviance means odd or unacceptable behavior, but in the sociological sense of the word, deviance is simply any violation of societys norms. Each society defines what is deviant and what is not, and definitions of deviance differ widely between societies. For example, some societies have strict rules regarding gender roles, and still other societies rules are less strict than ours.
The most obvious and familiar type of deviance is crime. Criminal deviance is itself quite variable in content, from minor offenses such as traffic violations to serious crimes such as homicide and rape. Closely related to crime is juvenile delinquency - the violation of legal standards by children or adolescents.
Deviance is not limited to crime, however. It includes many other types of nonconformity, from the mild to the extreme, such as left-handedness, boastfulness (), and Mohawk hairstyles, as well as pacifism and mental illness. Industrial societies contain a wide range of subcultures that display distinctive attitudes, appearance, and behaviour. Consequently, to those who conform to society's dominant cultural standards, artists, homeless people, and members of various ethnic minorities may seem deviant. In addition, the poor are also subject to definition as deviant.
Physical traits, too, may be the basis of deviance, as members of racial minorities in America know well. Men with many highly visible tatoos on their body may be seen as deviant, as are women with any tatoo at all. Even being unusually tall or short, or grossly fat or exceedingly thin, may be the basis of deviance. Physical disabilities are yet another reason for being seen by others as deviant. Deviance, therefore, is based on any difference that is considered to be significant and provokes a negative reaction that makes the deviant person an outsider.
In addition to the experience of social isolation, deviance is subject to social control, by which others attempt to bring deviant people back into line. Like deviance itself, social control can take many forms. Socialization is a complex process of social control in which family, peer groups, and the mass media attempt to influence our attitudes and behaviour.
Every society has methods of social control, or means of encouraging conformity to norms. These methods of social control include positive sanctions and negative sanctions. A positive sanction is a socially constructed expression of approval. A negative sanction is a socially constructed expression of disapproval.
Negative sanctions. Punishing people for deviant behavior reminds people what is expected of them and what will happen if they do not conform to societys norms. A more formal type of negative sanctions is the criminal justice system - the formal process by which society reacts to violations of the law through the use of police, courts, and punishment.
Positive sanctions. Social control does not have to take the form of a negative response. Positive sanctions can be formal, such as an award, high grades at school, laudatory mention in newspapers. They can also be informal and include words, gestures, or facial expressions. For example, praise from parents, the smile that a mother gives her child when he says thank you is a positive sanction.
