:
The subjunctive mood forms
|
|
|
|
|
: |
The subjunctive mood forms
| ||
| Types of Sentences | Synthetic Forms | Analytical Forms | Non-Factual Tense Forms |
| Simple sentence | Ideas be hanged! If only that were true! | May it come true! I should like to see this film. | If I only knew! |
| Complex sentence with a subject clause | It is required that all be present. | It is important that all should come. It is likely he may come. | It is time the boy came. |
| Complex sentence with a predicative clause | He looks as if he were surprised. | It looks as if the weather may change. The order is that we should move. | It seems as if everybody knew. It looks as if he had known it long ago. |
| Complex sentence with an appositive clause | The order that we should move surprised us. | ||
| Complex sentence with an object clause | I wish he were here. | He ordered that we should come. We feared lest he should find it out. I wish he would come. | I wish I knew it. I wish I had never met him. |
| Complex sentence | The stranger looked | He glanced at me as if he | |
| with an adverbial | at me as if he were | knew. | |
| clause of comparison | surprised. | The girl spoke as if she | |
| had learned it all by | |||
| heart. | |||
| Complex sentence with | It is true whether it be | Tired as he might be, he | |
| an adverbial concessive | convincing or not. | continued his way. | |
| clause | Though he might be tired, he continued | ||
| his way. | |||
| He will not manage it | |||
| however hard he should try. | |||
| Whatever faults the book may | |||
| have, it is interesting enough. | |||
| He would not have come | even if we had warned | ||
| him. | |||
| Complex sentence with | I tell you this so that you may | ||
| an adverbial clause of | understand the situation. | ||
| purpose | We put the matches away lest | ||
| the baby should find the box. | |||
| Complex sentence with | If I were you... | I should not object to it. | |
| an adverbial conditional | I should come... | if I knew the address | |
| clause | I should have called on you | ||
| yesterday... | if I had known the address | ||
| Should I meet him, I shall tell | |||
| him about it. |
|
|
|
NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)
95. There are four non-finite forms of the verb in English: the infinitive (to take), the gerund (taking), participle I (taking), participle II (taken). These forms possess some verbal and some non-verbal features. The main verbal feature of the infinitive and participles I and II is that it can be used as part of analytical verbal forms (is standing, is built, have come, will do, etc.)
Lexically non-finites do not differ from finite forms. Grammatically the difference between the two types of forms lies in the fact that non-finites may denote a secondary action or a process related to that expressed by the finite verb.
Non-finites possess the verb categories of voice, perfect, and aspect. They lack the categories of person, number, mood, and tense.
None of the forms have morphological features of non-verbal parts of speech, neither nominal, adjectival or adverbial. In the sphere of syntax, however, non-finites possess both verbal and non-verbal features. Their non-verbal character reveals itself in their syntactical functions. Thus, the infinitive and the gerund perform the main syntactical functions of the noun, which are those of subject, object and predicative. Participle I functions as attribute, predicative and adverbial modifier; participle II as attribute and predicative. They cannot form a predicate by themselves, although unlike non-verbal parts of speech they can function as part of a compound verbal predicate.
Syntactically the verbal character of non-finites is manifested mainly in their combinability. Similarly to finite forms they may combine with nouns functioning as direct, indirect, or prepositional objects, with adverbs and prepositional phrases used as adverbial modifiers, and with subordinate clauses.
Non-finites may also work as link verbs, combining with nouns, adjectives or statives as predicatives, as in: to be/being a doctor (young, afraid). They may also act as modal verb semantic equivalents when combined with an infinitive: to have/having to wait, to be able/being able to stay. So the structure of a non-finite verb group resembles the structure of any verb phrase.
All non-finite verb forms may participate in the so-called predicative constructions, that is, two-component syntactical units where a noun or a pronoun and a non-finite verb form are in predicative relations similar to those of the subiect and the predicate: I heard Jane singing; We waited for the train to pass; I saw him run, etc.
The Infinitive
96. The infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way. As such, it is naturally treated as the initial form of the verb, which represents the verb in dictionaries (much in the same way as the common case singular represents the noun).
|
|
|
In all its forms and functions the infinitive has a special marker, the particle to. The particle to is generally used with the infinitive stem and is so closely connected with it that does not commonly allow any words to be put between itself and the stem. Occasionally, however, an adverb or particle may be inserted between them:
She doesnt want to even see me once more.
The infinitive thus used is called the split infinitive, and is acceptable only to give special emphasis to the verb.
Although the particle to is very closely connected with the infinitive, sometimes the bare infinitive stem is used. The cases where the infinitive loses its marker are very few in number.
|
|
|
|
|
|
: 2018-10-15; !; : 290 |
:
| 1524 - 