Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Indefinite или Present Continuous.

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Scientific methods of the research

 

1. There are two levels of the scientific cognition: empirical and theoretical. The empirical level includes the observation of phenomena, the selection and accumulation of facts and the establishing of links between them. The theoretical level of knowledge is associated with the prevalence of mental activity. On this level the internal structure of different phenomena, their interaction and interdependence are revealed.

2. The scientific methods can be divided into general and special. General methods are usually divided into two groups:

· theoretical methods (analysis and synthesis, idealization, induction and deduction, etc.),

· empirical methods (observation, modeling, comparison, measurement, experiment).

3. Theoretical methods

Analysis is a method which is based on the decomposition of the object into its component parts. Synthesis is a compound of the obtained in the analysis parts into a whole. Methods of analysis and synthesis are organically linked, and can take various forms depending on the properties of the studied object and the purpose of the study.

4. Idealization is a mental creation of the objects that do not exist in nature, but for which there are prototypes in the real world for example "ideal gas", "ideal solution". The idealization method is widely used not only in the natural but in the social sciences as well.

5. Induction is the conclusion, reasoning from "private" to "general", from facts to a general hypothesis. Deductive method is the conclusion reasoning from the general to the particular. That is, new knowledge about the object is obtained by studying the properties of the whole class of objects.

6. Empirical methods.

Observation is an active learning process based primarily on the work of human senses; it is a purposeful perception of the external world phenomena. This is the simplest method and it is usually one of the elements of the other empirical methods. We distinguish between direct (visual) observation when the information is obtained without any instruments and indirect observation when the information is obtained by means of some devices for example recording equipment. Observation must satisfy a number of the requirements the most important of which are regularity and purposefulness.

7. Modeling is a method of studying objects which allows acquiring knowledge by means of substitutes (models) of real objects. There are several types of material models: space-like (geometrically similar) – models or dummies; physically like and mathematically like.

8. Comparison is one of the most common methods of cognition. It allows setting the similarities and differences between objects and phenomena. The comparison must satisfy two main requirements: we should compare only those phenomena that can be compared in a certain objective community; we should compare objects only on their main features.

9. Measurement is the procedure of the determining of a quantity by the unit of measurement. Among the empirical methods measurement takes the same place as observation and comparison.

A special case of observation is an experiment. The experiment involves interference in the natural conditions of the objects existence or reproduction of certain parts in special circumstances. Experiment has some advantages: it gives the opportunity to study the phenomenon in its “pure form”, it allows investigating the object properties in extreme conditions, and it can be repeated.

Задания

1. Is it true or false? We distinguish three levels of the scientific cognition. A man can obtain knowledge empirically and theoretically. The empirical level is a stage of collecting data about objects. The theoretical level of knowledge is associated with the physical activity. The scientific methods can be divided into logical and illogical. Methods of theoretical studies are abstraction, analysis and synthesis, etc. Empirical research methods are observation, modeling, comparison, etc.

 

 

Длительные времена (Continuous/Progressive Tenses)

Present Continuous Tense - to be + Participle 1 (V+ing)

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Indefinite или Present Continuous.

1. The man who (to speak) with my mother (to be) our neighbour who (to live) across the street. 2. It (to be) a very interesting scientific film. In it you can see how the plants (to grow) right before your eyes.

3. Where you (to hurry)? — I (to hurry) to the railway station. My sister (to come) from Moscow.

4. You (to hear) the speaker well? — Yes, I (to hear) him clearly. I (to listen to) very attentively, but still I (not to understand) the main point of his speech.

5. Don't come into this room. Father (to work) there now.

 

Past Continuous Tense - to be (was, were) + Participle 1 (V+ing)

1. Раскройте скобки. Past Simple или Past Continuous?

1. I (play) computer games yesterday. I (play) computer games at five o'clock yesterday.

2. He (watch) TV an hour ago. He (watch) TV from 4 till 6 yesterday.

3. My little sister (sleep) after dinner yesterday. She (sleep) when I came home.

4. Last month we (pass) two exams. We (pass) an exam the whole day yesterday.

5. When I came home, my little sister (play) with her toys.

 

Future Continuous – will (shall) be + Participle 1 (V+ing)

1. Раскройте скобки. Future Simple или Future Continuous?

1. I (play) computer games tomorrow. I (play) computer games at five o'clock tomorrow. 2. My little sister (sleep) after dinner tomorrow. She (sleep) when I come home tomorrow.

3. Next month we (pass) two exams. We (pass) an exam the whole day tomorrow.

4. When I come home tomorrow, my little sister (play) with her toys.

5. When father (come) tomorrow, I (do) my homework.

Все времена вместе:

1. Nina (celebrate) her birthday yesterday. Her room looked beautiful, there (be) a lot of flowers in it. When I (come) in, somebody (play) the piano, two pairs (dance).
2. Listen! Ann (play) the piano. She (play) every day. She (like) music very much.
3. What … you (do) at 7 o’clock tomorrow? – I (do) my homework. I (do) my homework every evening.
4. When I (come) home yesterday, I (see) that all my family (sit) round the table. Father (read) a letter from my uncle. Mother (listen) to him. My brother (eat).
5. Where … you (be) tomorrow? – I (be) at home. – I (ring) you up. – Oh, I (do) my homework and perhaps (not hear) the telephone.
6. What … you (do) now? – I (write) a report. – How often … you (write) them? – We (write) them once a month. – And where (be) your sister now? – She (be) in her room, she (do) her homework.