1. Many of the changes in the hard dental tissues (to have) their analogy in the deciduous teeth.
2. The permanent teeth (to become) drier, more brittle and darker.
3. These clinically observed changes (to verify) by laboratory studies.
4. The contact areas of the teeth (to become) flattened.
5. Pulpal exposure (to occur) occasionally.
6. Sufficient secondary dentin (to produce) in most instances.
7. These grooved teeth (to fracture) at the site of the notching.
8. The thermal changes (to take place) within the oral cavity.
VI. Translate the following sentences.
1. These changes are observed clinically.
2. These changes have been verified by laboratory studies.
3. Modifications of tooth anatomy occur with age.
4. Secondary dentin is produced in most cases.
5. The dentist was trying to save the patients tooth.
VII. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.
1. The human being has three sets of teeth.
2. Canines function as nutcrackers.
3. He should be consulted by a surgeon.
4. His tooth has been extracted.
5. The pulp cowers the tooth crown.
VIII. Find Russian equivalents to the following word combinations.
1. place stresses on a.
2. the wear of abrasion b.
3. teeth movement c.
4. improper teeth brushing d.
5. in the aged e.
6. at the site of notching f.
7. frequently give rise g.
8. thermal changes h.
IX. Translate the following word combinations:
laboratory studies, tooth anatomy, contact areas, tooth movement, blood supply, pulp chamber, root surfaces, cementoenamel junction
X. Match the words with the close meaning:
1. chamber
2. susceptible
3. occasionally
4. decrease
5. groove
6. from time to time
7. cavity
8. the elderly
9. sensitive
10. the aged
11. reduction
12. notching
XI. Read and translate the text.
Text A. Changes in the Teeth and Supporting Tissues
Many of the changes in the hard dental tissue associated with senescence have their analogy in the deciduous teeth which erupt, lose their morphological characteristics through normal wear of abrasion and eventually are exfoliated. In later life the permanent teeth become drier, more brittle and darker. These clinically observed changes have been verified by laboratory studies. The apparent decrease in the prevalence of dental caries in the elderly patients is largely the result of a reduction in the number of susceptible areas for caries because of previous dental restoration and the loss of health.
Dental restorations that do not take into consideration modifications of tooth anatomy occurring with age may place abnormal and destructive stresses on the teeth and the supporting tissues. The contact areas of the teeth become flattened as a result of the slight physiological tooth movement during chewing. Degenerative changes in the dental periostenum resulting from pressure and the decreased blood supply may take place.
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Years of improper tooth-brushing may be manifested in the aged by the presence of V-shaped horizontal grooves in the teeth apical to the cementoenamel junction. This abrasion grooving may extend into the dentin to include areas formerly occupied by the dental pulp. Pulpal exposure occurs occasionally but in most instances sufficient secondary dentin is produced to prevent exposure of the pulp, or at times to obliterate the pulp chamber. These grooved teeth are unsightly and at times they fracture at the site of the notching.
Gingival atrophy in conjunction with the continuous eruption of the teeth results in exposure of the root to the oral environment. These exposed surfaces frequently give rise to painful stimuli when thermal changes take place within the oral cavity.
