2
, : = 0 = 760 . . = 1 = 101325 , = 0 = 273,15 (t0 = 0 0).
, : = 1 , t = 20 0.
, : = 1 = 98066,5 , t = 15 0.
( ). . , : = 1 , = 298,15 (t = 25 0).
. 3, , , = 0 = 0.
- :
( - -):
- - - - - -
... 1834 . ( ):
(2.2.5)
, (2.2.6)
[ R ] = [ Pv/T ] = /(×).
. (2.2.7)
. (2.2.8)
, . . ( -):
Pvm = mRT (2.2.14)
, vm = Vm :
PVm= mRT. (2.2.15)
PVm= RmT, (2.2.17)
[ Rm ] = [ mR ] = /(×).
PVmnm = nm RmT, PV = nm RmT, . (2.2.18)
. (2.2.26)
. (2.2.27)
, v = 1/ r (2.2.27):
()
: , , .
.
m,i i- i :
. (3.2.1)
, :
, , (3.2.2)
j ; [ m,i ] = . . (. 3.2.1) % (. %).
.
v,i i- i- , () V,i V.
|
|
:
:
:
.
V,i ( ) v,i , , V. 2- . . : , , , , . , , , , . , . , , , (3.2.3), 100 % . , , .
, () . , i -
i = , . , , V, ,i , , , ,i < , . ,i . , ,i , , . ,i , , V V,i. V,i . , () V,i V, , , . (3.2.4) .
, :
, . (3.2.4)
[ v,i ] = . . % (. %).
V,i - . , ,i, V, , V,i :
( , , ): i = Vi(,)ri(,)
= V × ( ,)r( ,), , , , , , . , (2.2.27) m,i v,i :
|
|
(3.2.7)
i- , /3, , /. 3, .
, , (3.2.7) , , :
, (3.2.10)
- i- , i- , /.
.
m,i i- - nm , i nm , :
. (3.2.11)
, :
, . (3.2.12)
[ m,i ] = . . . %.
( ) , :
. (3.2.13)
- , /, , 3/, i - .
(3.2.11) (3.2.13), , :
. (3.2.14)
.
m,i = v,i, . , .
, , .
. , , :
,
. (3.4.1)
. i rV riVi V, :
vi(, )=1/ri(, ) i - , 3/.
r :
:
. (3.4.5)
m:
. (3.4.7)
, . :
(3.4.8)
m :
, (3.4.9)
- , , , , .
:
. (3.4.10)
(2.2.8) = = . , = = V,i:
(3.5.1)
- , 3, , , , /(×), .
, :
, (3.5.2)
:
. (3.5.3)
, , :
. (3.5.4)
(3.5.3) (3.5.4), :
. (3.5.5)
( ) i - r,i i, V(,), () v,i - , i - :
. (3.6.1)
, V(,), :
|
|
(3.6.2)
:
. (3.6.3)
, i - V, ,i, , r,i (,) v,i (,) = ,i. = ,
r,i (,) = ri (,i,) v,i (,) = vi (,i,). () , :
.