/ 2
- . .
- . .
- . .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- . .
-
- - . .
- - ( , ).
- .
- .
- .
- . .
- , .
- . .
-
1. , 90% 10% , , 20,00 HCl 0,009000 /?
. m (CaO)= T (HCl/CaO)× V (HCl)=0.009000×20=0.18 . 0.18/0.9=0.2 .
2. . 50,00 0,5120 HCl 250,0 . 50.00 25,73 0,04870 M KOH. NH3, .
. l, , n1=cHCl×VHCl=0,05000×0,5120=0.02560. 250 (Vt) l, (2)
n 2= n 1× Val / Vt =0.02560×50,00/250=,0.005120
Val - l, .
(3), , n 3= c KOH V KOH=0,04870×25,73=
, , 4=2-n3. m NH3= n 4× Vt × M (NH3)/ Val =0,3293
3. 25,00 0,1000 0,1000 .
. , (. ); =1,54.
. H2M - . , , :
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.
:
.
, 5 NaOH
[H3O+]2+2.87×10-2[H3O+]-8.00×10-4=0,
[3+]=1,74×10-2 , =1,7.
.
. HM-
, . , - Ka1
=4,12.
. , - 2-. , , - - ( ), a2. 25,50 NaOH:
, [3+] [-] , , =4,54.
. 50,00 0,1000 NaOH 25,00 0,1000 2 0,0333 Na2M. 2- , . ,
2-+2Û-+-,
Kb1=Kw/Ka2=1.68×10-8 ,
,
=14,00-lg(2,36×10-8)=9,37.
. 2- , .
4. : Na2CO3, NHCO3, NaOH. 50,0 22,1 0,100 . l. 50,0 , CO2. 48,4 l. ?
. NaOH, (.. V = V). , , 48,4 . , Na2CO3 NaHCO3. . 32- 3-.
n (Na2CO3)=22,1×0.100/1000=2,21×10-3.
48,422,1=26,3 1. , , . ,
n (NaHCO3)- n (Na2CO3)=26,3×0,100/1000.
n (NaHCO3) =(2,63-2,21)×10-3=4.2×10-4.
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:
c Na2CO3=2.21/50=0.0442 /,
c NaHCO3=0,42/50=0.0084 /.
5. 100 30,00 N23 (T(Na2CO3/CaO)=0,001025), . 25,00 l ( 1/=0,000812). 1 ?
. ( ), 100 , , :
m ¢=(T (Na2CO3/CaO)× V (Na2CO3)- T (HCl/CaO)× V (HCl))×1000
() 1
m = m ¢×1000/100=104,5
6. 0.1 M HCl 0,1 M NaOH (=5.1)?
. 5,1,
, .
7. 0,02 M N 0,02 M l : ) (=9); ) (=4)
. ) =7. (=9) ,
V0VepVe, er-10-3. , .
6) (=4), . . :
er10-2
.
8. 0,1 0,1 l : ) (=5); ) (=9).
. .
,
[H+]+[RNH3+]=[Cl-]+[OH-].
RNH3+
,
Ka - RNH3+ (Ka = Kw / Kb, Kb =1,8×10-5).
Cl-
,
.
) 5,0. er =1,4×10-4 (0.014%). ,
) 9. : er = -3.6×10-1 (36%). , . , .
1. H2SO4 /, 0,02446 /.
2. 28,00 .. KOH 40,20. .. NaOH 1500 . .
3. NaOH /, 0,004020 /.
4. 550 0,1925 HCl 50,00 HCl 0,02370 /. .
5. HCl /, (HCl/KOH)= 0,01353 /.
6. 1 0,5300 HCl, 0,5000 ?
7. NaOH /, (NaOH/CaO) = 0,002914 /.
8. HCl (d=1,19 /3) 1,0 0,1 ?
9. H2SO4 0.0504 . (H2SO4).
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10. NaOH 0.09981 . (NaOH/H3PO4).
11. NaOH 0.01097 . (NaOH/SO3).
12. KOH 0.01097 . (KOH/SO2).
13. HClO4 /, 0,01445 /.
14. NaOH /, (NaOH/SO3) = 0,02174 /.
15. (d=1.835 /3) 2,5 0,1 ?
16. , 98% NaOH 2% , 200 0,1 ?
17. (KOH/P2O5) , 2O5 (34 KH2PO4), 18,00 0,09064 HCl 19,32 KOH.
18. , 1,530 NaOH, 20,00 14,70 HCl (T(HCl)=0,003800)?
19. N2O5 1 HNO3, 20,00 21,12 0,1120 NaOH.
20. , 0,1370 , 22,10 0,09840 NaOH. ?
21. 2,0712 100 . 20,00 21,80 HCl (T(HCl/NaOH) =0,003974). .. Na2B4O7×10H2O.
22. 1,000 . 3O4 NaH2PO4 17,60 NaOH (T(NaOH/P2O5) = 0,007251). P2O5 .
23. 50,00 1000 . 20,00 NaOH ((NaOH/h2so4) = 0,004189) 18,20 . HCl (/).
24. 0,4000 , .. , 22,00 0,3000 . Na2CO3 K2CO3 .
25. .. NaNO3 NO3- NH3, 40,00 0,1245 HCl 22,40 0,1002 NaOH?
26. (NH4)2SO4 100 . 20,00 50,00 0,1122 NaOH NH3. 18,00 HCl (20,00 NaOH 21,00 HCl). (NH4)2SO4 ?
27. 0,1032 Na2CO3 50,00 0,09496 HCl, 24,80 0,1298 NaOH. .
28. 0,4789 . .. SrCO3 .. Li2CO3 40,00 0,5100 HCl. 20,00 NaOH (T(NaOH/ HCl) = 0,01825). SrCO3 Li2CO3.
29. , 30% NH3, , 50,00 0,1000 NaOH , NaOH 25,00 0,1000 HCl?
30. 2,0000 100 . 25,00 20,00 0,4455 HCl. , : NaOH.
31. .. , 3 20 0,1 HCl?
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32. H2SO4 , 91,90% O3 . 0,6724 29,87 10,27 NaOH (1 H2SO4 1,024 NaOH). H2SO4 NaOH.
33. 50.00 , , 25.00 0.1000 . , 10.0 . .
34. , : NaOH, NaCO3, Na2CO3 - : NaOH+Na2CO3; Na2CO3 NaCO3 HCl (-) (. ), . , :
V HCl/- | - | |||||||||
V HCl/- | - |
35. 0,3251 100 . 25,00 18,40 0,1000 . HCI, 18,30 . NaOH .
36. 0,4478 . Na3C3, NaHC3 NaCl, 18,80 0,1998 . . 40,00 . Na2C3 NaHC3 .
37. 0,4000 100 . 20,00 19,20 CI ((CI)=0,003600). 2 . BCl2 18,80 HCI. .
38. 2,000 100 . . 50,00 , 15,00 0,1020 . . , 7,00 . H2SO4 n H3P4 .
39. :
) 0.2000 0.1000 ;
) 0.1000 0.1000 ;
) 0.1000 0.1000 ;
) 0.1000 0.1000 ;
) 0.1000 0.1000 ;
) 0.05000 0.10000 ;
) 0.0100 0.0100 ;
) 0.1000 0.1000 ;
) 0.1000 0.1000 ;
) 0.0100 0.0100 ;
, 1%.
40. 0,1 . N 0.1 . l ( = 10).
41. 0,2 . Cl 0,2 . NaOH ( = 5).