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1. ; - . . ) .
1. They have founded the company that will produce manufactured goods.
2. He is speaking on the phone now.
3. I was working at my office at 3 oclock yesterday.
4. The director of our office looked through all the cables and letters when the secretary brought him some letters from foreign firms.
2. , Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
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1. The progress achieved by our company is great.
2. He was sitting at his desk looking through the catalogues.
3. When writing a cable we try to use as few words as possible.
4. The director had finished the talks when I came up to him.
3. , . .
1. Doctors say I can take part in the competition.
2. The secretary must phone the factory.
3. May I use your word processor to write a letter?
4. They had to do a lot of preparatory work before signing the contract.
4. .
Human resources
Human resources is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals (i.e. the human resources).
Human resources is a relatively modern management term, coined as late as the 1960s. The origins of the function arose in organizations that introduced 'welfare management' practices and also in those that adopted the principles of 'scientific management'.
In simple terms, an organization's human resource management strategy should maximize return on investment in the organization's human capital and minimize financial risk.
Human resource managers seek to achieve this by successfully matching the supply of skilled and qualified individuals and the capabilities of the current workforce, with the organization's ongoing and future business plans and requirements to maximize return on investment and secure future survival and success.
In ensuring such objectives are achieved, the human resource function is to implement an organization's human resource requirements effectively, taking into account federal, state and local labor laws and regulations.
5. . .
What factors should the human resource function take into account to implement an organization's human resource requirements effectively?
1. federal, state and local labor laws and regulations
2. business plans
3. financial risk
2 2
1. ; - . .
1. He has been the Managing Director of the company since since 2009.
2. The director of our office is looking through the documents now.
3. We were not discussing any problems when you telephoned us.
4. The firm had shipped the goods by the 20th of December.
2. , Participle I Participle II , .. , -. .
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1. The exhibition held in Sokolniki park was a great success.
2. We shall contact the firm advertising the latest model of computers.
3. The secretary said that the British businessmen had come to meet the president of the firm.
4. We were boarding the plane when suddenly we saw a police car approaching the plane.
3. , . .
1. We must discuss these points of the contract now.
2. Our company can launch a new line of this product.
3. You may use notebook for a couple of days.
4. The secretary will have to contact Mr. Gray tomorrow.
4.
Economic system
An economic system is the system of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services of an economy. Alternatively, it is the set of principles and techniques by which problems of economics are addressed. The economic system is composed of people and institutions, including their relationships to productive resources, such as through the convention of property. Examples of modern economic systems include capitalist systems, socialist systems, and mixed economies.
An economic system can be defined as a "set of methods and standards by which a society decides and organizes the allocation of limited economic resources to satisfy unlimited human wants. On one hand, production is carried in a private-enterprise system such that all resources are privately owned. On the other hand, following Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin is what is commonly called a pure-communist system, when all resources are publicly.
An economic system can be considered a part of the social system and hierarchically equal to the law system, political system, cultural, etc. The basic and general economic systems are:
- market economy
- mixed economy
- planned economy
- traditional economy
5. . .
What is economic system equal to?
1. to the law system
2. to the political system
3. to the cultural system
4. both to the law, political, cultural systems.
2 3
1. ; - . .
1. We have not finished the project yet.
2. Mr. Sedov cannot see you now. he is receiving French businessmen.
3. He felt that somebody was watching him.
4. Our office had shipped the equipment to the buyers by April.
2. , Participle I Participle II , .. , -. .
1. The price list enclosed with the letter gives all particularities concerning the terms of payment and delivery.
2. What language are these businessmen speaking?
3. We had received the catalogues by the arrival of the delegation.
4. Crossing the room he locked the entrance door.
3. , . .
1. You may fill in the form here.
2. We must take a lot of books to our lesson.
3. Jane has bought a car bur she cannot drive yet.
4. Mr. Petrov is to meet the British businessmen at the airport.
4. .
Profit
In economics, the term profit has two related but distinct meanings. Normal profit represents the total opportunity costs of a venture to an entrepreneur or investor. Economic profit (also abnormal, pure, supernormal or excess profit, as the case may be monopoly or oligopoly profit, or simply profit) is the difference between a firm's total revenue and all costs, including normal profit. In both instances economic profit is the return to an entrepreneur or a group of entrepreneurs. Economic profit is thus contrasted with economic interest which is the return to an owner of capital stock or money or bonds.
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Normal profit is a component of (implicit) costs, and so not a component of economic profit at all. It represents the opportunity cost for enterprise, since the time that the owner spends running the firm could be spent on running another firm. The enterprise component of normal profit is thus the profit that a business owner considers necessary to make running the business worth his while i.e. it is comparable to the next best amount the entrepreneur could earn doing another job. An economic profit arises when revenue exceeds the opportunity cost of inputs, noting that these costs include the cost of equity capital that is met by normal profits.
If a firm is making an economic loss (its economic profit is negative), it follows that all costs are not being met in full, and the firm would do better to leave the industry in the long run.
5. . .
\
What would be better to do if a firm is making an economic loss?
1. to leave the industry
2. to run business more efficiently
3. to take a loan in a bank
2 4
1. ; - . .
1. The factory has increased its production greatly.
2. The partners are discussing the terms of payment now.
3. He started a small advertising agency after he had retired from the military service.
4. The children spent the whole day indoors because it was raining heavily.
2. , Participle I Participle II , .. , -. .
1. We have carefully studied all the technical data that we got from you.
2. The machine tool advertised by Brown and Co will be in great demand on the market.
3. By 5 oclock they had cleared up all the points in the firms offer.
4. Peter saw her at the University library when he was working for his final examinations.
3. , . .
1. Peter cannot go to the university today, he is not well.
2. We may find these magazines at the reading room.
3. You must work hard at your English.
4. Our president was to sign the contract with the foreign businessmen.
4. .
Investment
Investment has different meanings in finance and economics. Finance investment is putting money into something with the expectation of gain that upon thorough analysis has a high degree of security for the principal amount, as well as security of return, within an expected period of time. In contrast putting money into something with an expectation of gain without thorough analysis, without security of principal, and without security of return is speculation or gambling. Investment is related to saving or deferring consumption. Investment is involved in many areas of the economy, such as business management and finance.
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To avoid speculation an investment must be either directly backed by the pledge of sufficient collateral or insured by sufficient assets pledged by a third party. A thoroughly analyzed loan of money backed by collateral with greater immediate value than the loan amount may be considered an investment. A financial instrument that is insured by the pledge of assets from a third party, such as a deposit in a financial institution insured by a government agency may be considered an investment.
In economic theory or in macroeconomics, investment is the amount purchased per unit time of goods which are not consumed but are to be used for future production. Examples include railroad or factory construction. Investment in human capital includes costs of additional schooling or on-the-job training. Inventory investment refers to the accumulation of goods inventories; it can be positive or negative, and it can be intended or unintended.
5. . .
What can investment in human capital include?
1. costs of additional schooling
2. costs on the job training
3. construction of new school
2 5
1. ; - . .
1. The head of the company has already given us a careful description of the companys position.
2. They are discussing the terms of delivery with the representatives of the French firm.
3. Two of our economists were translating letters while the other specialists were looking through the mail.
4. We had cleared up all the points before we signed the contract.
2. , Participle I Participle II , .. , -. .
1. The prices for this type of equipment are rising.
2. We are satisfied with the transaction concluded between our firms.
3. Turing the matter over in my mind Understood that it was difficult to give an answer.
4. The two people injured in the accident were taken to hospital.
3. , . .
1. May I phone you in the evening?
2. I must go to the library to prepare my report.
3. I am sure you can easily translate this article into English.
4. You are to prepare the materials for the talks by 11 oclock.
4. 1- 3- .
Consumption
Consumption is a common concept in economics, and gives rise to derived concepts such as consumer debt. Generally, consumption is defined in part by comparison to production. But the precise definition can vary because different schools of economists define production quite differently.
According to mainstream economists, only the final purchase of goods and services by individuals constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure in particular, fixed investment, intermediate consumption and government spending are placed in separate categories. Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing of goods and services. Likewise, consumption can be measured by a variety of different ways such as energy in energy economics metrics. The total consumer spending in an economy is generally calculated using the consumption function, a metric devised by John Maynard Keynes, which simply expresses consumption as a function of the aggregate disposable income. This metric essentially defines consumption as the part of disposable income that does not go into saving. But disposable income in turn can be defined in a number of ways - e.g. to include borrowed funds or expenditures from savings. Consumption also decreases demand.
5. . .
What is consumption according to Maynard Keynes?
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1. a function of the aggregate disposable income
2. decreased demand
3. design, production and marketing of goods and services
