, , : (, ) , .. ; (, , ) , .. .
3.1. 0,1 .
, :
3 Û 3- + +. , : 3Na = 3- + Na+. -, . .
0,1 3 + 1,3×10-3, = 2,9 (. 1.2, 1.3). , , .. 1.2. + 1,3×10-3. , [3] = @ , = 0,1 / , .
0,1 3, 3Na , 1/ (82 , 1 ). (1.1) + 3 3Na : [+] = 3 ×[3/[3-]. - , , , , , . , - . [3-] = @ 1/.
+, :
[+] = 3 ×[3/[3-] = 1.75 ×10-5×0,1/1 = 1.75 ×10-6, = 5,76. , +, , .. .
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: , , .
, .. , , .
3.2. .
3 , : NaOH = Na+ + OH-.
3 NaOH 2 :
1) 3 Û 3- + + ;
2) + + OH- = 2 + OH- , 1) , .. , NaOH + .
1) 2), 3 NaOH, : 3 + OH- = 3- + 2. - .
, , (, ) , , .
, .
3.3. (III) .
(. . 2), , . Cr(OH)3 :
[Cr(OH)6]3- + 3H+ Û Cr(OH)3 + 3H2O Û Cr3+ + 3OH- + 3H2O
Cr(OH)3 ( H+) - H+ ; , OH- H+ Cr(OH)3, OH- . , Cr(OH)3 .
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Cr(OH)3 ( OH-) - OH- ; , H+ OH- Cr(OH)3, H+ . .., Cr(OH)3 .
, , , , .
3.4. (II) , Fe2+ OH-, , , 10-4 10-7.
Fe(OH) 2 (. 1.1): = [Fe2+][ OH-]2 = 2×10-15. () Fe2+ OH-: = 10-4×(10-7)2 = 10-18. , < . , , Fe(OH) 2 .
.
, (, ), . , , , : ( ), . , , - .
, , 3 : , - - . . : 4: .
, .. , , . , , , , .. , : DG<0.
, DGT0 : DGT0 = - 2,3RTlgKc. DGT0 <0 >1, .., , >1 <1. , . , >>1 , <<1 .
:
= / (4.1)
, .
4.1. : H 2 SO 3 + 2NH 4 OH = (NH 4) 2 SO 3 + 2H 2 O.
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(. . 2), - : H2SO3 + 2NH4OH = 2NH4+ + SO3 2- + 2H2O. (4.1) , ( 1):
= (H2SO3)2(NH4OH)/2(H2O) = 9,92×10-10(1,8×10-5)2/(10-14)2 = 3,2×10-19/10-28 = 3,2×109>>1. , .
.
. - OH-, ( ), H+, ( ). H+ OH- , , , (<7) (>7).
.. , 4 : , , , . 4 . 4: .
.
1. .
(. 1.2). (. 3.1). : ( +) , - . 3.1, :
1) :
2) :
3) :
CH3COOH, 2¸3 , , , , <3,1 , >4,4 ( = 3,1¸4,4 ):
4) ?
5) ?
, CH3COOH . ,
1) , CH3COOH CH3COONa,
2) ,
3) .
4) H+ (. 1.4) CH3COOH : H+ CH3COOH CH3COONa (, ), (, ). (, ).
5) ?: (, ) : CH3COONa:
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: = _________/;
: = _________/.
11) CH3COONa (. 1.2, 1.3, 3.1):
12) ?: (, )
13) , , : , , ( , .).
2. .
Cr(OH)3 c (. 3.4).
Cr(OH)3. 5¸6 Cr2(SO4)3 1¸2 NaOH. , - :
. Cr(OH)3 5-6 HCl, NaOH. . 1) : ( , , .
2) Cr(OH)3: (Cr(OH)3 , , .).
3) - , Cr(OH)3 ( Cr(OH)3, 3.4).
4) o + - - Cr(OH)3 (. 3.4)?: ___.
5) o + - - Cr(OH)3 ( . 3.4)?: ___.
6) (. . 3): (, ) .
3. .
, . = 5¸8; <7 , >7 .
3 3 : HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH. 1 , : _ ____________.
NaOH . NaOH : ________________.
, : ( , , ).
1) - , (. .2) - (. . 4).
2) ? ?
3) , (4.1).
4) ?: (, ) ___.
4. .
.
. - . :
_________, _____; ___________, ______.
1) - .
2) , : (______ - >7, <7, =7; _______ - >7, <7, =7. ).
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3) ?: (, ).
5. .
: 1) MgCl2 + Na2CO3 = MgCO3 + 2 NaCl 2) MgCl2 + NaHCO3 = MgCO3 + NaCl + HCl
2-3 , 2-3 , . , : ( MgCl2 Na2CO3, NaHCO3 .).
1) - .
2) (4.1) .
.
I. , , : 1) HJ, H2SO3; 2) H2SO4, H2S; 3) HF, HNO3; 4) HClO4, H2CO3; 5) HNO2, HCl.
II. : 1) PbCl2 = 1.7×10-5; 2) Ag2SO4 = 7×10-5; 3) Ag2CrO4 = 2×10-7; 4) HgI2 = 10-26; 5) Pb(OH)2 = 5×10-16
(. 1.1).
III. : 1) CH3COOH + KOH = ; 2) MnS + HCl = ; 3) HNO2 + NaOH = ; 4) NH4OH + HNO3 = ; 5) CaCO3 + HCl = .
- . , , (4.1) . 4.1.
.
I. , : 1) 3 2) HCN 3) HNO3 4) NaOH
II. , Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 ( ): 1) FeSO4 2) HNO3 3) Na2S 4) Ba(OH)2
III. 2SO3 Na2SO3:
1) 2) 3)
IV. Cr(OH)3 : [Cr(OH)6]3- + 3H+ Û Cr(OH)3 + 3H2O Û Cr3+ + 3OH- + 3H2O. , Cr(OH)3, : 1) + 2) - 3)Cr3+
V. Ag+ 3×10-4/, Br- 5×10-2/. AgBr, = 5×10-13: 1) 2)
VI. : 1) Na2CO3 + H2O = NaHCO3 + NaOH 2) FeCl2 + H2O = FeOHCl + HCl
3) HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O 4) CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
VII. - Na2S + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2S :
1) 2Na+ + S2- + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2S 2) S2- + 2H+ = H2S
3) Na+ + Cl- = NaCl 4) Na2S +2H+ = 2Na+ + H2S
VIII. - H+ + OH- = H2O : 1) NaHCO3 + NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O 2) H2S + 2KOH = K2S + 2H2O
3) Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2H2O 4) Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3 = Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O
IX. Kc NH4+ + H2O = NH4OH + H+ :
1) ([NH4OH]+[H+])/([NH4+]+[H2O]) 2) [NH4+]/([NH4OH][H+]) 3) ([NH4+]+[H2O])/([NH4OH]+[H+]) 4) [NH4OH][H+]/[NH4+]
X. Cu2+ + H2O = CuOH+ + H+ : 1) KCuOH+/KH2O 2) KH2O/ KCuOH+ 3) KH2O
.
I 1.2 (. . 1,2); II 1,4 (. .3 ); III 1 (. .3; H+, .. , (1.4) ); IV 1 (. 3.4); V 1 (. . 3, 3.4); VI 1,2 (. .5); VII 2 (. .2 - .4); VIII 4 ( - . .2); IX 4 ( , ; H2O ); X 2 (. 4.1).