. .
:
I.
II. .
, . , , . % .
, .
:
, , , .
, H2SiO3nH2O, , 1000. . , , , .
:
1. (, ...)
2. () .
3. , .
4. .
5.
6. ( | )
7. .
8. .
9.
:
(F) a b, , :
F = (.-) / b(..).
, b ; (.-) , ; (..).
.
1. g:
) :
g = × (.-)×0,5/ × (..)
)
g = × (.-)×0,1/ × (..)
g , ; ()
(); 0,5 0,1 () ; (.-) - ; (..)
|
|
.
2. - V, :
V =1,5 × ×o× g×100/ × (.-) × ×ρ
1,5 , , ; - ; o (.-) -
; g , ; , %; ρ -, /3.
3. :
x = mF 100/ g;
, %; m
, ; F ; g , .
1. : K→ K2PtCl6→ Pt
: :
2K(OB)→ K2PtCl6→ Pt()
(.-) = K= 39; = 2;
(..). = 195; b= 1
F= 2 ∙ 39/1 ∙ 195 =0,400
2. Fe(NO3)3∙ 62, Fe23.
, :
F3+ + 3-→ F()3
2 F()3 → Fe23+ 32 . .
2 Fe(NO3)3(OB)→2 F()3→ Fe23()
(.-) = Fe(NO3)3∙ 62 = 350; = 2;
(..) = Fe23= 160; b = 1;
) :
g = × (.-)×0,5/ × (..)
)
g = × (.-)×0,1/ × (..)
g , ; ()
(); 0,5 0,1 () ; (.-) - ; (..)
.
g =2 ×350× 0,1/1× 160=0, 4375.
2. , .
, :
3 + 2+ →2+ + 2+ 2↑
2+ + 224→ 24 + 2+
24→ +↑+2↑
3 (OB)→ 2+→ 24 → ()
3 , = b = 1. :
(.-) =M =100; = 1
(..) =M = 56; b = 1
g =1 ×100× 0,5/1× 56=0,8927.
3. NH4OH 10,4% ( 0,956 /3), AlCl3 0,5 .
:
AlCl3 + 3NH4 → Al()3 + 3NH4Cl.
, AlCl3
|
|
NH4Cl, . . =3, b= 1.
.
V= 1,5× 3× 35,05× 0,5000×100/1×133,34×10,4×0,956 = 5,95 .
121. 0,010 , , , . ?
122. : ) , ; ) , ?
123. (NH2)2 (III)?
124. , ?
125. K2C2O4, Na2C2O4, H2C2O4 (NH4)2C2O4 ?
126. ?
127. ?
128. ?
129. ? .
130. 1,500 0,2105 . (%) . : 5,08%.
131. Fe3O4 0,200 Fe2O3. : 0,19 .
132. HF, : HF → CaF2 → CaSO4. : 0,2939.
133. , : As → As2S3 → SO42- → BaSO4. : 0,2140.
134. 2, : CaC2 → H2C2 → Ag2C2 → AgCl. : 0,2236.
135. 1,225 CaSO4 0,3756 . (%) Ca3(PO4)2 . : 23,29%.
136. Mg(C9H6ON)2 0,2872 . ? : 0,0223 .
137. 97% BaCl22 H2O. 0,300 BaSO4. : 0,320 .
138. (ρ= 1,17 /3) AgCl 2,0 , 22 % Ag, ? : 0,56 .
139. 2SO4 (ρ = 1,24 /3) 0,350 SO4? : 1,5 .
140. (%) Ag , 0,2466 0,2675 . : 81,64%.
, . .
. , , . - . . 4- (0,11,0 ).
, ,
-, -,
|
|
;
, , , , .
:
( 1 2SO4);
( NaOH Ba(OH)2);
( KnO4);
( - K2Cr2O7);
( I2 KI) ..
, ( ), : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) . .
, , . , .
, . .
, , () .
: .
, , () . : C1V1 = C2V2
.
. 1 . . , H2SO4 0,0049 /, , 0,0049 . .
() .
:
+ → , ; .
( 1); 1 2:
+ 1 → + 1,
1 + 2 → .
( ) ( , ). (), , :
+ → + ,
+ → , ; ;
.
,
- (
- ) .
[f.()] , , .
|
|
[()⋅f.()] , .
, :
C1 ⋅ V1 = C2 ⋅V2.
[()⋅f . ] 1 , /.
(. .) , . . . .
(. . .) ( ) , . . , . . . . . . . . . , - . V (. .) ≠ V(. . .). .
, , . -, -, ( ) .
1. (ω, %) FeSO47H2O , 90%.
. .
1) , , : Fe2+ , .
2) , ( ..)
3) : ( ), .
4) , . , . .
, . , m = 0,5988 .
5) : , (20-25 3) 203 2 H2SO4 0,1 KMnO4 .
6) . 2 :
) ;
) .
141. 1 (ω = 75%)
142. As2O3 1 (ω = 90%)
143. 1 (ω = 40%)
144. 1 (ω = 80%)
145. CaCl2 1 (ω = 75%)
146. 1 (ω = 80%)
147. 1 (ω = 80%)
148. (II) 1 (ω = 60%)
149. (II) 1 (ω = 70%)
150. 1 (ω = 50%)
151. 1 (ω = 75%)
|
|
152. As2O3 1 (ω = 90%)
153. 1 (ω = 40%)
154. 1 (ω = 80%)
155. CaCl2 1 (ω = 75%)
156. 1 (ω = 80%)
157. 1 (ω = 80%)
158. (II) 1 (ω = 60%)
159. (III) 1 (ω = 70%)
160. (NH4)224 1 (ω = 50%)
01, 21, 41, 61, 81 | 1, 21, 41, 61, 81, 101, 121, 141 |
02, 22, 42, 62, 82 | 2, 22, 42, 62, 82, 102, 122, 142 |
03, 23, 43, 63, 83 | 3, 23, 43, 63, 83, 103, 123, 143 |
04, 24, 44, 64, 84 | 4, 24, 44, 64, 84, 104, 124, 144 |
05, 25, 45, 65, 85 | 5, 25, 45, 65, 85, 105, 125, 145 |
06, 26, 46, 66, 86 | 6, 26, 46, 66, 86, 106, 126, 146 |
07, 27, 47, 67, 87 | 7, 27, 47, 67, 87, 107, 127, 147 |
08, 28, 48, 68, 88 | 8, 28, 48, 68, 88, 108, 128, 148 |
09, 29, 49, 69, 89 | 9, 29, 49, 69, 89, 109, 129, 149 |
10, 30, 50, 70, 90 | 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150 |
11, 31, 51, 71, 91 | 11, 31, 51,71, 91, 111, 131, 151 |
12, 32, 52, 72, 92 | 12, 32, 52, 72, 92, 112, 132, 152 |
13, 33, 53, 73, 93 | 13, 33, 53, 73, 93, 113, 133, 153 |
14, 34, 54, 74, 94 | 14, 34, 54, 74, 94, 114, 134, 154 |
15, 35, 55, 75, 95 | 15, 35, 55, 75, 95, 115, 135, 155 |
16, 36, 56, 76, 96 | 16, 36, 56, 76, 96, 116, 136, 156 |
17, 37, 57, 77, 97 | 17, 37, 57, 77, 97, 117, 137, 157 |
18, 38, 58, 78, 98 | 18, 38, 58, 78, 98, 118, 138, 158 |
19, 39, 59, 79, 99 | 19, 39, 59, 79, 99, 119, 139, 159 |
20, 40, 60, 80, 00 | 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 |
1. .., .. . .: , 1976.
2. .. . .: , 1973.
3. .. . .: , 1989.
4. .., .. . .: , 1993.
5. .. . .: , 1984.
6. .. . .: , 1976.
7. .. . .: , 1979.
.
- .
I | K+, Na+, NH4+ | , , . | K+, Na+, NH4+ | |
II | Ag+, Pb2+ | . | 2 HCl | AgCl PbCl2 |
III | Ca2+, Ba2+, (Pb2+) | . | 1 H2SO4 | CaSO4, BaSO4, (PbSO4) |
IV | Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, (Sb3+) | . | 4 (KOH, NaOH) | [Al(OH)4]- [Cr(OH)4]- [Zn(OH)4]2- [Sn(OH)3]- ([Sb(OH)4]-) |
V | Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Sb3+ | . | 25% (NH3H2O) | Mg(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Sb(OH)3,(H3SbO3) |
VI | Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+ | 25% NH3H2O | [Cu(NH3)4]2+ [Co(NH3)6]2+ [Ni(NH3)6]2+ |
I | SO42-, CO32-, PO43-,SiO32- | BaCl2 | BaSO4, BaCO3, Ba3(PO4)2, BaSiO3 |
II | Cl-, S2- | AgNO3 HNO3 | AgCl, Ag2S |
III | NO3- | - | - |
IV | MoO42-, WO42-, VO3- | Zn, HCl | , , W2O5, Mo2O5, VOCl2 |