(Sandra L. Bem, 1974) , . 60 (), , . . (, , .).
. . , , . - , . , ( ), , . , . . - , . . , , , .
. , , , , , , , . (Christiansen ., Knussmann R., 1987), , ( ) . 191 (Lau Sing, 1989), , .
. , , , , , , , , . , .
. . , . , . , . , - , , . (Lau Sing, 1989) , , ( ).
|
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, , , .
(): 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58
(): 2, 5, 8, 11, 14,17, 20, 23, 26, 29.32, 35, 38, 41,44, 47, 50, 53, 56,59
. (F) () . F = ( ): 20 = ( ): 20
IS :
IS=(F−M)∗2,322IS=(F−M)∗2,322
IS -1 +1, .
IS -1, .
IS +1 - .
, IS -2,025 .
IS +2,025 - .
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