130302 " - ". , .
. " " " ", . , - .
" " " " , , , , , , .
. , , , - , .
: " ( , )".
: ; ; , ; ; , ( ); ; ; .
|
|
, , , " ", "", "", "", " " . , , .
, . , , - , . 25-35 . - , . . , , . , , . c , . 25-35 .
, , , , .
. , :
1. .
1.1. .
1.2. - . .
2. - .
2.1. .
2.2. .
2.3. .
2.4. , .
2.5. .
2.6. .
2.7. .
2.8. .
2.9. . .
|
|
2.10. .
2.11. .
2.12. .
.
.
, , , .
1. . , , - . .
1.1. , ( , , ) ( , , ). , 1 .
1.2. - . - ( , , , , ..) . 2 .
2. - , .
- .
2.1. . , - - [20], 10-12 .
- , . (, .). , ( ) , , .. [1, 7, 20].
- Qx N q 1 :
Qx = 10-3qN [3/], (1)
10-3 3;
, ( =1.05÷1.1);
|
|
q / 1 ( , - (. .1) ( , ));
N .
1
- ( 1 ) | |
1. , 2. 3. | 125 -160 160 - 250 230 - 350 |
:
1. q 30-50 /.
2. - ( , - ).
3. 3000 . .
4. 5-10% - (.. = 1.05÷1.1).
, (. 2). Q , N q ( q =50-90 /:
Q = 10-3qN [3/]. (2)
2
(/2) | ||
1 1 -//- -//- -//- 1 | 1.2 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 3 4 4 6 6 15 |
: ( , ..) 1 50-90 / - .
- Q , N N q q (. 3):
Q = (qN + qN)10-3 + nqn10-3[3/], (3)
nq 1 ( );
n . :
q =375-500 /, , n 1 (n =3÷15 .) (. 4).
3
- 1 | ||
20 1 3/ | 2.5 |
|
|
4
1 | ||
I II | ) ; ) ; ) ; ) , . |
(. ),
q :
[3/]. (4)
Q ( ) n, t, q t :
[3/], (5)
q, n, t t ( t = 3, 3.19 ; t = 3 , 3.26 ) (. 5).
5
.., | / 1 | ||
2- | 3 | ||
:
1. , 2- , , . .
2. 500 . 5 / 3 .
3. 1 2 . . .
( ) (.. 1-5):
Q =Qx + Q + Q + Q + Q, [3/]. (6)
2.2. .
, - . , [21]. (), , ( , .. ).
2.3. . - , . [21], " ". , ( , , ..).
2.4. , . . , [2, 3, 5], - , , . , , , . [2, 5]. ( ) , . - , - (, , ). , , , , ( .).
|
|
2.5. . , Q. , , F = 2πr0 l 0 :
Q.= v F = 65 k 1/32πr0 l 0=130 πr0 l 0 k 1/3 [3/]. (7)
l 0 ( 20-30 ) . , , . 0.1 (r0=0.1). Q.. (0.5 ÷ 0.75) Q.
Q, :
n= Q / Q... (8)
1-2 10 10-20% .
( , .) . , , , .. 100-200 , , , ..). , , Q , S. ( , , ).
2.6. . ( n>3) [2, 3, 5, 6], ( ) Sp = S + ∆S, S , ; ∆S , . ∆S :
, (10)
: r ( r=σ/π; 2σ , ; F ); - , [2, 3, 5, 6, 11 .] l 0/m m/r0. ( 6, 7)
, ( - ) , (), ( ).
2.7. . , Q ( t =9125 ) , S. ( S=(0.5÷0.75)), , . , ( , Q= f (2σ, 2 l, R0,...) .). .
2.8. . , , , , ( ). . , ( ) . ( , F , N, f= 25 2 () F=N f /.
( 2- ) .
. 1. (, )
2.9. . , .. ( , [1, 7, 8]). , . ( ) () , :
=10+( 1)4 (11)
2.9.1. , K K . , , . Q / :
-
[/], (12)
: , ( 3.3) .
. 1.1÷1.3, . :
. = αβ
α , , , α = 1.2÷1.4;
β , , . 6.
6
.. | 1 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1000 | |||||||
β | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.15 | 1.1 | 1.05 | 1.0 |
t:
Q.. = 10-3qN/3600t [/], (13)
t 4 10 .
- :
[/].(14)
: , , ( (. .2.1 , .3), ,=3, ,=2.5); tc - .
, :
[/], (15)
n:
Q..=qn [/], (16)
: q / ( ).
Q (12-16) :
Q. = Qx.. + Q.. + Q.. + Q.., [/] (17)
2.9.2. , , ( Q) , ( Qp), ..
Q= Qp +0.5Q (18)
, l Q=q l (
, 1 ; l , ).
2.9.3. () , . D i h i Q. (. 5), . Qp v , ( 400 v =0.7÷1.0 /, v = 1÷1.5 /). () , , .
Q, / | l, | D, | v , / | 100i , | ∆ h,=100i l /100, | |
1-2 | Q1-2 | |||||
5-7 | Q5-7 |
I, II , . , , , , :
= + ∆ h -.. + (z.. - z) (19)
: ∆ h -.. , ; (z.. - z) .
, , :
I = α + S + H + (z - z) + ∆ h - + H + h (20)
: α ( α=3÷4 ), H ; (z - z) (); ∆ h - ; h .
, (20), , :
II = ∆ h - + (z z) + H + h (21)
: ∆ h - .
. , . V Q V ( , . V = 0.04Q)
V = Q + V = Q + 0.04Q (22)
. , , V D :
D = (23)
h 0.75 D , ..
h =0.75 D . (24)
2.10. , , "" - . , , : ; , , ; ; .
( ) ( r ). . , . , . [6, 11, 19].
2.11. (). , [1, 3, 6, 7, 19]. , : , . - , : . CO ( , .) . .
2.12. (). () ( Q), . ) . , . [18].
. , c . , .
(- )
3 , - , , , . , .
, , . , , , , . , , . , .
1
. 500 h =35 . , 1.0 /. 2-3 . , 10 , . m0 =1 , k0 =310-2 /. b =100 , h 0=1. 8.2 3/c.
, . 5 . k =10 /, =0.1.
k, / | h, | m0, | k0, / | b, | h 0, | ||
0.1 | 310-2 | ||||||
0.15 | 0.5 | 210-2 | 1.5 | ||||
0.05 | 0.5 | 110-2 | 1.2 | ||||
0.1 | 0.4 | 510-2 | |||||
0.1 | 0.5 | 410-2 | |||||
0.07 | 1.0 | 510-2 | |||||
0.08 | 0.6 | 410-2 | 1.3 |
2
L =3 . - . . - , . h =70 , k =10 /, =0,1. 5 . 15 Q =15 /. J =10-3.
k, / | h, | L, | Qp, / | J | ||
0.1 | 10-3 | |||||
0.2 | 210-3 | |||||
0.2 | 2.5 | 310-3 | ||||
0.15 | 1.510-3 | |||||
0.25 | 3.5 | 510-3 | ||||
0.12 | 2.5 | 2.510-3 | ||||
0.15 | 2.510-3 |
3
. m =40 . k =10 /, * =4106 2/. , 100 . - m 0=20 , . k0= 10-4/. , 20 , ( 20 /), . . =-10 . -, J =10-3, 2 %.
3
k, / | m, | k0, / | m 0, | *, 2/ | H, | J | |
10-4 | 4106 | -10 | 10-3 | ||||
310-4 | 2106 | -10 | 510-4 | ||||
410-4 | 106 | 210-3 | |||||
210-4 | 2,5106 | -5 | 1,510-3 | ||||
10-4 | 2106 | 2,510-3 | |||||
310-4 | 1.5106 | 810-4 | |||||
210-4 | 3106 | 410-3 |
( ) , , , . . , .
1
1:3 | +28 | +12 | , , | : N ; N ; N ; Q ; l - -; l - -; l - -; n ; z . ; ∆z- . ; ∆z- . . | |||||||||||
+26 | +11 | ||||||||||||||
1:2 | +24 | +10 | , , | ||||||||||||
+22 | +8 | ||||||||||||||
N, .. | N, % N | N, % N | Q, 3/ | l -, | l -, | l -, | . | - , n | z, | ∆z-, | ∆z-, |
2
1.1 7.8 0.4 0.4 0.07 1.8 0.008 0.04 3.0 2.0 | |
1.0 7.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.01 0.02 1.5 3.0 | |
0.9 7.6 0.15 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.005 0.03 4.0 | |
0.8 7.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.01 0.02 2.8 3.0 | |
0.7 7.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.01 0.01 2.7 2.8 | |
1.3 7.4 0.35 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.02 0.01 2.6 2.6 | |
0.5 7.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.01 0.01 2.5 | |
0.8 7.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.01 0.03 2.5 2.0 | |
0.5 7.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.01 0.02 1.3 | |
0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.01 0.01 1.2 | |
0.7 6.2 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.8 0.02 0.02 1.1 | |
0.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.01 0.01 1.0 | |
, / , -/ (Cl), / (SO4), / (), / (), / (), / (), / (), / (), / (), / - |
3
, 6 8
, | , 3/ | , . . . | , | , | , | ||
, -2 | 0.7 1.4 | 1 2 . | 16-20 | ||||
2.3 3.5 | 1 2. | ||||||
-40 | 0.9 2.4 | 2.7 | |||||
1-09 | 1 2.5 | 1.0 1.7 | |||||
1.5-1.3 | 3 6 | 58 23 | 4.5 2.8 | ||||
1.5-6 | 6 14 | 20.3 14 | 1.7 | ||||
1 -1.5 | 0.7 1.5 | 19.0 12 | 0 4 | ||||
1 | 1 2 . | ||||||
3 | 1 2 . | ||||||
-374 | 6 24 | 9 4 | 1 | ||||
208 | 1.0 1.5 . . | ||||||
2-6 | 10 30 | 34.5 24 | 4.5 . . | ||||
-247 | 3 . . | ||||||
-9 | 25 45 | 24.2 19.5 | 4.5 | ||||
- -30 | 22 45 | 54 30 | 8 | ||||
-6 | 30 70 | 62 44.5 | 14 20 | ||||