SQL (Structured Query Language ) 1970 . . , / (, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase) , , , (Fox Pro, Paradox). , SQL , (, OLE DB), : , , ..
SQL , , SQL (, ). , , , . , SQL : DDL (data definition language), DML (data manipulation language) DCL (data control language). DDL , DML , , DCL , , .
, SQL , , SQL . SQL, (, Microsoft SQL Server Transact-SQL, Oracle PL/SQL). , , , SQL (Embedded SQL), ODBC, OLE DB.
1986 . (ANSI) SQL. SQL , . SQL SQL'92 .
(). . (), , , . , -, , , -, , , ( ). , , , . , .
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1 :
Code | author | title | city | publishing | year |
6470234 | Ope 0. | . | 1968 |
, , , .. , author . , , :
code | author | |||||||
6479235 | l_ name | f name | inst | pos | ||||
Boolos | George | M.I. T. | Prof. | |||||
Jeffrey | B.ichard | Princeton | Prof. | |||||
, :
code | 1 | f name | inst | pos |
6479235 | Boolos | George | M.I. T. | Prof. |
6479235 | Jeffrey | Richard | Princeton | Prof. |
author . , , , ., , , :
code | keyword | rank |
6479234 | 100 | |
6479234 | 50 | |
6479234 | 10 | |
, , - , - .
1 () , (, , , e-mail), .
2 (CD) - (-, , , , , ..)
, 4-5 , , .
, .
, . , , . create schema:
create schema < >
< >
- , , , , .
DDL . :
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create table < >
(< >)
< > , :
|< > < >
: integer , float , char (), var char () - , , , date . SQL - .
2 , :
create table student(
l _ name char(20),
f name char(20),
m name char(20),
nomer char(6),
gr nomer integer)
student, , 5 l_name, f_name, m_name, nomer gr_nomer , . 20 , 6 . .
, , - , . , student
('', '', '', '041000', 11),
. , , , . , , . , , . , , .
1.
3 , , , . , , , :
Code | author | title | city | publishing | year | number | |||||
6479234 | Ope 0. | . | 1968 | 20 | |||||||
number 1, 1.
, , , . , , - . , , . , , . , , , , .
, student ( 2) nomer. create table :
|primary (< >)
4 student :
create table student(
l _ name char(20),
f _ name char(20),
m _ name char(20),
nomer char(6),
gr _ nomer integer,
primary key(nomer))
, nomer . :
create table ball(
stud _ nomer char(6),
dis char(50),
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dat date,
form char(10),
res integer,
primary key(stud _ nomer, dis, dat))
stud_nomer . , nomer student stud_nomer ball . student
phone_nomer char(6)
, , . , gr_nomer res student ball . , , . , .
5 ,:
create domain name_type char(20) ,
create domain nomer_type char(6) -- ,
create domain dis_type char(50) - ,
create domain form_type char(10) ,
create domain result_type integer ,
create domain group_type integer .
:
create table student(
l _ name name_type,
f _ name name_type,
m _ name name_type,
nomer nomer_type,
gr _ nomer group_type,
primary key(nomer))
create table ball(
stud _ nomer nomer_type,
dis dis _ type,
dat date,
form form _ type,
res result _ type,
primary key(stud _ nomer, dis, dat))
, - , NULL, . , . , , , , . NOT NULL. To . NULL dat res ball, .
. , . , form ''. - , ,
. DEFAULT . . DEFAULT NOT NULL.
6. , :
create schema students
create domain name _ type char(20) NOT NULL create domain nomer _ type char(6) NOT NULL create domain dis _ type char(50) NOT NULL create domain form _ type char(10) NOT NULL
DEFAULT '' create domain result _ type integer create domain group _ type integer NOT NULL create table student(
l _ name name _ type,
f _ name name _ type,
m _ name name _ type,
nomer nomer _ type,
gr _ nomer group _ type,
primary key(nomer))
create table ball(
stud_nomer nomer_type,
dis dis_type,
dat date,
form form_type,
res result_type,
primary key(stud_nomer, dis, dat))
create table professor(
dis_name dis_type,
gr group_type,
prof name,
primary key(dis_name, gr))
, .
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3 () students ( , , , ).
4 () , 1.
5 (CD) , 2.
6 () bank , (, , , , , , , ). , , ( ) .
7 () supermarket ( , , , , , , , , ).