. , , 10-50 ppm. , (, , , , ) .
. , , , . , , . , . .
, . , . . , 25 . , . (, , , ..).
1
, , , . :
1) , , .
2) , 5 10% . .
3) ( %) , 0,005% , .
|
|
4) ( 1550 1800 ) ( FeO 0,1 0,4). .
5) ( %) , 0,005% , 1550 . .
0.
, (1.1)
, /;
, .
, FeO , , ( 1%). , . (1.1) K FeO
, (1.2)
R = 8,314 /() ;
a FeO ;
a Fe ;
a [O] .
, . ( , %) . . Steelmaking Data Sourcebook [1] 1600 . FeO [2] 1600 [O]max = 0,229%, f O = 0,912. FeO ( ) , , 40%, . , . , K FeO:
. (1.3)
, ,
. (1.4)
, , 1 . (1 . , 101325 ). (1.4) K
, (1.5)
;
a [] .
, f C . ( , ). 1600 . , , , 0,1%. f = 1,033 , a [] ≈ [C]. , .. ≈ 1 . , . (1.4)
|
|
. (1.6)
, (1.3) (1.6). . (%SiO2 < 33%) .. () [4].
:
1) : (Fe2+, Mn2+,Ca2+, Mg2+, Si4+, Al3+, P5+ ..) (2-, S2-, F2- ..).
2) ; .
3) , .
, 2-. ()
, (1.7)
∆ (. ) , /;
x i, x j i j ;
Q ij i j.
, , 1 1 (ε11) 2 (ε12). 1 2 , N A (61023 -1). 1 2 ( ), . .
l (γ l) ( )
, (1.8)
k () .
O . , , , 23, . , (, FeO, AlO1,5 PO2,5), MeOn .
1 , .. FeO-MnO-CaO-MgO-SiO2-P2O5, .
(1.9)
. (1.10)
1 FeO-MnO-CaO-MgO-SiO2-P2O5
Qij, / | FeO | MnO | CaO | MgO | SiO2 | 25 |
FeO | ||||||
MnO | -42 | |||||
CaO | -113 | -200 | ||||
MgO | -113 | |||||
SiO2 | -42 | -113 | -113 | |||
25 | -200 |
0 ( , %): FeO 18, MnO 6, CaO 44, MgO 7, SiO2 21, Al2O3 4. .. , , , Al2O3 , ().
|
|
(/): FeO 72, MnO 71, CaO 56, MgO 40, SiO2 60, Al2O3 102. Ʃ n i 100 . , , 100 , :
.
2, Al2O3 . n i Ʃ n i:
;
; .
. (1.9) :
.
1600 (1873 )
.
FeO 1600
.
. 1873 FeO = 4,39 C = 114 (. ).
:
.
:
.
.
[5]:
. (1.11)
, ; P2O5. (1.11) K P
, (1.12)
2,5 ;
a [] .
, , . (1.12)
. (1.13)
L P L P = (P)/[P], (P) , %. , . 31 /, (1.13)
. (1.14)
(1.14) (f P) (), (K P) . (1.14) . , lg K P = 1074/ T 1,289.
. (1.15)
(1.10)
5 , 0 [P] = 0,050%.
, (1.16)
m Me, m ;
[P]H, [P]K, (P)H, (P)K , %.
(1.6) . .
:
.
m
|
|
.
. (1.17)
() = 0,
. (1.18)
, .
. (1.19)
0 () 5%. , (1.18) (1.19) , λ = 0,05:
.
:
.
10% (λ = 0,1) :
.
:
.
, ( λ) , .
( λ), , (1.18)
. (1.20)
0 10 ([P] = 0,05%, [P]K = 0,005%):
.
0,005% 8,44% , , 100 8,44 . .
. 0 (1.15), , . (1.15) FeO ,
. (1.21)
:
.
(1.21)
.
(1.21)
.
1.1 0.
1.1
, , . , .
( ). , FeO , Ʃ n i , 1600 (1.15)
.
1.2 FeO 0.
1.2 FeO
, , . , .
. [R] (1.15)
. (1.22)
0 0,3%. . :
.
0,005%:
.
, 0,3% 8,38 8,44 = 0,06% ≈ 0. , , , .
, (Cr, Mn, Si ..) , , .
1 , ( FeO ), ( , L P) ( λ, η). - , , .
|
|
, , . . (1330%) (1030). , , , . (, , ..) .
2
. :
1) , .
2) , - (VOD) .
3) , , 0,10% .
4) 0,1% , 1. (%), . , , = 1 .
5) . , 0,1% . , 1.
0.
.
. (2.1)
. (2.2)
( ) (, , ..). (2.3), (2.1) (2.2)
. (2.3)
- 1%- , 1 ., Cr2O3. (2.3)
. (2.4)
= 1. , Cr2O3 , . (. ), . (2.4)
. (2.5)
(2.5) , (, ), .
0 ([Cr] = 18%, [Ni] = 9%) c
, (2.5) , , . . (2.3) 1927
.
(2.5),
.
, 0 0,35% .
- (VOD Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization) .
. (2.6)
0 = 0,1 .,
.
, , , .
, . , 0,1% . (2.5)
.
.
(2.6),
.
.
, 1627 , 1794 , 0,35%, 0,1% ; .
1627 0,35% (0,35 0,10) = 0,25%, . , 0,25% [] (2.5)
. (2.7)
, , .
(2.7) [C], ,
.
, 0,35 0,25% 1627 ,
.
, (1627 ) (, ) , . . (VOD),
AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburization). , , .
, (2.8)
, 3;
, , 3;
, , .
(3) ∆ (%), , :
, (2.9)
/ .
= 12 / .
(2.9) , . (2.9) (2.8),
, (2.10)
, 3/.
(2.6)
. (2.11)
(2.11) (2.10),
. (2.12)
(), (2.12) . ∆ ∆ Q Ar d d Q Ar (2.12) .
. (2.13)
( AOD) , = 1. 2 = 0,35%, f C = 0,631 . (2.13) [] = 0,1%:
.
, 3,5 3/, 0,35 0,1%. , .
2 , . , , 8% 0,1% . . ( VOD) , . . , .
, . . . . , , . ( ) (, , ).
3
, , , . :
1) ∆ 0 1%. : [N] [H]. . (%), [N]=0,004% [H]=0,0002%.
2) - . ( %, ppm 3/100 .), ∆t .
3) , (%) . P .
4) . , .
0.
( ) . . , . , , , . , .
(N2 H2)
, (3.1)
2 ;
, 2 .
, (3.2)
∆[] , %;
m Me , ;
V m ( V m = 22,4 /), /;
2, /.
, (3.3)
∆ , %;
, /.
(3.2) (3.3) (3.1)
. (3.4)
. (3.5)
f N = 1 f H = 1. (3.5) (3.4)
.
. (3.6)
, (3.6) (∆). (3.6) ∆ ∆[] d d[], (3.6) (, []) (, []).
. (3.7)
(3.7) , 2% . (3.7)
. (3.6)
(3.6) , .
(3.6),
. (3.7)
. (3.8)
, = 1 .
. (3.9)
(3.9) (. ) 1600 , [N]H = 0,016% 0. 3.1 .
3.1
. (3.10)
1600 (. ), []H = 0,0016% 0. 3.2 .
3.2
, ([N] = 0,004%), (3.6)
. (3.11)
0 .
, ([] = 0,0002%), (3.6)
. (3.12)
0 .
, (3.9)
. (3.13)
a [N] = [N] f N
. (3.14)
(N2 = 78% .)
.
N2 .
, (John Chipman, D.A. Corrigan) :
, (3.15)
k .
0 1873 5: , .
.
(N2 78% .) 0 (3.14)
.
, 0,0080,020%. .
, (3.10)
. (3.16)
a [] = [] f
. (3.17)
, . ,
,
. (3.18)
0 1873 5: , .
f H, (2 1% .) 0 (3.17)
,
ppm (parts per million), (1 ppm = 10-4% .).
, .
, , t 2 = t - ∆ t. 0 ∆ t = 50 , 1550 .
:
.
50
.
3/100 .
.
:
.
, . , . , . 1 . = 101325 . , , = 101325 . .
.
0 (t = 1600 C, [C] = 0,5%, [Mn] = 0,1%) (3.14)
.
(ηN)
.
1530%.
0 (t = 1600 C, [C] = 0,5%, [Mn] = 0,1%) (3.17)
.
(η)