GSM/UMTS
GSM/UMTS
(3G) :
- 384 /,
- ( / SINR Signal to interference & Noise Ratio).
GSM/UMTS[1] . 5.1. 4 :
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ( . 5.1 ).
. 5.1. UMTS GSM
MS (Mobile Stations ‒ GSM) UE (User Equipment ‒ UMTS). MS/UE . MS/UE :
- ,
- .
RAN (Radio Access Network) (BTS Base Transceiver Station GSM) (NodeB UMTS) : BSC (Base Station Controller GSM) RNC (Radio Network Controller UMTS).
, . (BTS NodeB) :
- ,
- ,
- .
(BSC RNS):
- BTS NodeB,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- L2,
- MS/UE ,
- ,
- , .
(Core Network) 2 : (CS Circuit Switching) (PS Packet Switching).
c. , . GSM/UMTS, , . .
MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) :
- , GMSC,
- , , MSC,
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|
- ,
- ,
- , .
VLR (Visitor Location Register):
- , MSC, () ,
- ,
- (Mobility Management), .
-
GMSC (Gateway MSC) () ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). MSC/VLR.
(CS) :
- (),
- : (BER Bit Error Rate), (BLER Block Error rate),
- ,
- ( ).
(PS) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). , , MMS. GPRS:
- . QoS Quality of Service ( ), . IP-. ;
- , , ;
- QoS ;
- . -;
- QoS .
GPRS (. 5.1) "" . MSC/VLR SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node ( GPRS). SGSN , , , (Mobility Management), , ..
GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node ( GPRS). GPRS (SGSN, GGSN ) , GGSN . SGSN GPRS . GGSN , IP- ( ) ( DHCP Domain Host Configuration Protocol) IP-. SGSN , GGSN .
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GSM . 5.2.
, , , . - , .
GPRS . (QoS) . GPRS 5 (. 5.3). , .
. 5.2. GSM
QoS (. 5.3):
- ,
- ,
- ,
- .
. 5.3. GPRS
. GSM BSC SGSN MS, UMTS RNC, UE , L2, SGSN. , HSPA NodeB UE. , ( , ). .
3G 4 . . 5.1.
5.1.
, BLER | |||
1. | < 150 | <0,02 | |
2. | < 1 - 2 | <0,01 | UDP/IP |
3. | <10-6 | TCP/IP | |
4. | <10-6 | TCP/IP |
GSM , 900 1800 , 850 1900 . GSM 200 . () 271 /.
GSM - . . = 60/13 . 8 () - (TS Time Slot) 577 ‒ . 5.4. 1 TS . , 8 , GSM 2 : (TS).
5.4. , 8
- (normal burst). 114 (). GSM GPRS EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution). . 4 burst, 4 -. - (MCS- Modulation&Coding Scheme). EDGE , : 4-, 8-, 16-, 32 . MCS . 5.2. 5.2
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TS, / | ||||
MCS-9 | 8- | 59,2 | 1,0 | |
MCS-8 | 54,4 | 0,92 | ||
MCS-7 | 44,8 | 0,76 | ||
MCS-6 | 29,6/27,2 | 0,49 | ||
MCS-5 | 22,4 | 0,37 | ||
MCS-4 | 17,6 | 1,0 | ||
MCS-3 | 14,8/13,6 | 0,8 | ||
MCS-2 | 11,2 | 0,66 | ||
MCS-1 | 8,8 | 0,53 | C |
8- . 5.5.
.5.5. 8-
: TS, 8. TS.
( ), , . () . , , : . : . . .5.6.
, . 5.6., 3 3 . UE1 u (t) (.5.6,), .. -1 +1, 1(t), , SF () . . 5.6, 8 ; UMTS SF = 4...256. v (t) = u (t) x c 1(t) (. 5.6,), .
, UE1,
-1 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
, -1 v(t) (. 5.6):
-1 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
. 5.6.
. UE . UE1 :
-1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | |||||||
-1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | |||||||
Σ | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | = | -8 |
. 5.6 . , , .
UE2 v(t) (. 5.6), 2(t), (. 5.6). v(t) 2(t)
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-1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | |||||||
-1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | |||||||
Σ | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | = |
UE2 0. , UE2 v(t). v(t) UE3 3(t) (. 5.6, . 5.6,).
1(t), 2(t), 3(t) .
, , , , .
n. . 5.6 n = 8, 8 . / SF. . , , , . UMTS = 3,84 /, (, ) 3,84 .
(5.1)
̶ ,
R ̶ .
UMTS[2] : (HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access) (HSUPA - High Speed Uplink Packet Access). HSDPA, .
HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shares Channel) 2 SF = 16, . :
- () Cch,16,1 Cch,16,15; 1 , 15. , HSDPA, . 5.3;
- - ; 4-, 16-, 64- (. 5.7) () 0,25 0,97; ;
- ; UMTS 5 , 3,84 ;
- ( MIMO).
5.3
i | Cch, 16, i |
11111111-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 | |
1111-1-1-1-11111-1-1-1-1 | |
1111-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-11111 | |
11-1-111-1-111-1-111-1-1 | |
11-1-111-1-1-1-111-1-111 | |
11-1-1-1-11111-1-1-1-111 | |
11-1-1-1-111-1-11111-1-1 | |
1-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-1 | |
1-11-11-11-1-11-11-11-11 | |
1-11-1-11-111-11-1-11-11 | |
1-11-1-11-11-11-111-11-1 | |
1-1-111-1-111-1-111-1-11 | |
1-1-111-1-11-111-1-111-1 | |
1-1-11-111-11-1-11-111-1 | |
1-1-11-111-1-111-11-1-11 |
R . 5.4.
. 5.7. , HSDPA
5.4
R | (1 ) | (5 ) | (15 ) | |
4- | 1/4 | 119 / | 0,6 / | 1,8 / |
4- | 1/2 | 237 / | 1,2 / | 3,6 / |
4- | 3/4 | 356 / | 1,8 / | 5,3 / |
16- | 1/2 | - | 2,4 / | 7,2 / |
16- | 3/4 | - | 3,6 / | 10,7 / |
64- | 3/4 | - | 5,4 / | 16,1 / |
, HSDPA . Rel.13 38 . . 5.5.
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. 5.5. (), UE .
. 1, . 2, 2 ( ), 3, 4 ( ).
5.5
UE HS-DSCH | HS-DSCH | MIM/ | , / | |||
4- 16- | 1,2 | |||||
1,2 | ||||||
1,8 | ||||||
1,8 | ||||||
3,6 | ||||||
3,6 | ||||||
7,2 | ||||||
7,2 | ||||||
10,1 | ||||||
14.0 | ||||||
4- | 0,9 | |||||
1,8 | ||||||
4- 16- 64- | 17,6 | |||||
21,1 | ||||||
1/2 | 4- 16- | 23,4 | ||||
1/2 | 28,0 | |||||
17 [3] | 4- 16- 64- | 17,6 | ||||
1/2 | 4- 16- | 23,4 | ||||
18 [4] | 4- 16- 64- | 21,1 | ||||
1/2 | 4- 16- | 28,0 | ||||
1/2 | 4- 16- 64- | 35,3 | ||||
1/2 | 42,2 | |||||
4- 16- | 23,4 | |||||
28,0 | ||||||
4- 16- 64- | 35,3 | |||||
42,2 | ||||||
2/2 | 4- 16- | 46,7 | ||||
2/2 | 55,9 | |||||
2/2 | 4- 16- 64- | 70,6 | ||||
2/2 | 84,4 | |||||
63,3 | ||||||
3/2 | 126,6 | |||||
84,4 | ||||||
4/2 | 168,8 | |||||
126,6 | ||||||
6/2 | 253,2 | |||||
168,8 | ||||||
8/2 | 337,5 | |||||
2/2 2/4 | 168,8 | |||||
4/2 4/4 | 337,5 |
4 , UE , . 2, 3, 4, 6 8 , .
5 (MIMO) . , MIMO, .
6 UE . 7 UE .
30 , - , ()[5]. CQI (Channel Quality Indicator). UE CQI , : A,B,CK (TS 25.214). , UE 1 7 (. 5.5) , 7 8 , 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 38 ( 64- MIMO) D, 14, 18, 20, 24, 28 38 ( MIMO, 64-) G .. D (. 5.6) G (. 5.7).
BS NodeB ‒ (scheduler). NodeB UE, HSDPA, . UE / (Es/N0), - . (Es/N0) UE QI QI BS HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel). , HS-DPCCH UE, (. 5.8).
. 5.9. (Es/N0) UE. , UE . BS UE , . , .
5.6
CQI | () | ||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- |
5.7
CQI | () | ||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
4- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
16- | |||
64- | |||
64- | |||
64- | |||
64- | |||
64- |
. 5.8. HSDPA
. 5.9.
LTE
LTE
E-UTRAN (LTE) 2008., 2009. 8 .
1 , Rel.8 9 (2008 2010.).
2 , Rel.10 11 (2011. 2013.).
2016. Rel.13 LTE-A LTE-A Pro.
, 1 LTE , 4- , 1/. 20 MIMO 75 /, 16- 30 /. 4×4 4×70 = 280 /, , 3 (1 /).
4 LTE Rel.10. LTE-A (Advanced). LTE-A LTE. , LTE-A, LTE (Rel.8/9). , Rel.10, : , MIMO, . , , . .
LTE
E-UTRAN (LTE) , -. LTE all-IP , IP-. LTE . 6.1.
(UE User Equipment), E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) Evolved Packet Core (EPC). IP- (HSS Home Subscriber Server).
.6.1. LTE
E-UTRAN eNB (E-UTRAN NodeB eNodeB), eNB 2. EPC (Evolved Packet Core) (.6.1) S-GW (Serving Gateway), PDN GW (Packet Data Network Gateway), Mobility Management MME (Mobility Management Entity), S-GW eNodeB . . 6.1 , .
eNB EPC S1. S1 S1-U (User Plane) S-GW (Serving Gateway), S1-C (Control Plane) MME Mobility Management Entity.
UE ( ) LTE, CONNECTED (ACTIVE) IDLE. CONNECTED ( , ) . IDLE . IP-, , Tracking Area.
eNB 3- . eNB . eNB
- ,
- ,
- S-GW,
- MME ,
- ,
- ,
- L2,
- ,
- .
MME:
- , ,
- S-GW PDN GW ,
- NAS (Non Access Stratum) MM (Mobility Management) SM (Session Management) MME UE,
- , ,
- ,
- UE, IDLE,
- eNB .
UE, , Serving Gateway. S-GW :
- , UE CONNECTED eNB (),
- , ,
- eNB PDN GW, MME ,
- .
PDN GW:
- IP-; , ,
- IP-,
- IP- ; IP-, PDN GW DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) DHCP, IP- ,
- SGi ,
- S-GW PDN GW,
- , PCRF, QCI (QoS Class Identifier),
- .
PDN GW , S-GW, MME eNB ‒ .
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) , , . , PCRF. PCEF (Policy and Charging Enforcement Function) PDN GW , . PCRF . PCRF .
HSS Home Subscriber Server, LTE, HLR AuC GSM/UMTS. HSS IMS . HSS S6a Diameter.