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.. , .. , .. .
2005
()
|
.. , .. , ..
- 2005
656.224:614.84
-47
.., .., .. .: . - .: , 2005. -.
.
.
Ó
(), 2005
1
| , . () | u- | 1=1/=2,710-11 u; 1Ku=3,71010 | |
| , - . (). / . | / | 1/=3,88103;1=2,5810-4 /= =2,08109 1 3 ; 1=0,88 ; 1=0,93 | |
| , D . , . | ( ) | 1=1/=100; 1=100/=10-2 | |
| , . . WRi ( . ) Hi=W Ri Di; | ( ) | 1=1× WR =100;
1=1× WR =10-2;[1]
| |
| , . WT, E =å WTHT | 
| ||
(, , ) : =dD/dt; 
| , , , : /,× /, /, .. |
|
|
|
. 1. WR Q .
2. : , ; , , , , , , , ..; (/), (u/), (u/2) u/2 .
2.
()
| ( ) | ||
| 6,0 | - | |
| 4.0 | ( 50% ) | |
| 1,5 | ( : 100-200 1., 200-400 2 ., 400-600 3 ., 600 4 .) | |
| 1,0 | ||
| 0,1 |
. , , , . , ( ): ( ) 50; : 10-30 100; 200; 300. , , .
3
1 .
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 1.19 | 1.20 | 2.30 | ||
| 1.33 | 1.35 | 3.74 | ||
| 1.54 | 1.58 | 6.90 | ||
| 1.63 | 1.67 | 8.59 | ||
| 1.71 | 1.76 | 10.33 | ||
| 1.86 | 1.92 | 13.97 | ||
| 2.05 | 2.13 | 19.72 | ||
| 2.22 | 2.32 | 25.78 | ||
| 2.37 | 2.48 | 32.09 | ||
| 2.64 | 2.78 | 45.32 | ||
| 3.47 | 3.72 | 104.11 | ||
| 4.11 | 4.45 | 169.35 | ||
| 5.15 | 5.66 | 312.62 | ||
| 7.14 | 8.02 | 118.21 | ||
| 8.75 | 9.95 | 1168.32 | ||
| 12.6 | 14.6 | 2684.10 | ||
| 18.5 | 22.2 | 6166.45 | ||
| 36.2 | 45.3 | 23045.20 | ||
| 57.5 | 74.4 |
1. 3 ;
2. =t1,2, t , , ( 0,5 5000 ).
4
| , | 1 (D1) , | 1 (P1) , / | |||
| . | . | ||||
| , | 1,4*10-2 | 0,14 | |||
| , | 0,14 | 1,4 | |||
| , | 1,4 | 4,2 | |||
| , | 4,2 | ||||
| ., | - | - |
. , .
|
|
|
5
()
| , | (D∞), | 1 (P1) , / | |
| , | |||
| , | |||
| , | |||
| ., |
6
| , % | ||||||
| -1000 | -1000 | |||||
| , | , | ,2 | , | , | , 2 | |
| , 2 / | ||||||
| 62.6 | 12.1 | 595.0 | 82.8 | 16.2 | 1050.0 | |
| 14.1 | 2.75 | 30.4 | 13.0 | 2.22 | 22.7 | |
| , 5 / | ||||||
| 145.0 | 8.42 | 959.0 | 74.5 | 3.7 | 216.0 | |
| 34.1 | 1.74 | 46.6 | 9.9 | 0.29 | 2.27 | |
| , 10 / | ||||||
| 135.0 | 5.99 | 635.0 | 53.0 | 1.87 | 78.0 | |
| 26.0 | 1.04 | 21.0 | 5.22 | 0.07 | 0.31 | |
| , 5 / | ||||||
| 126.0 (11/137) | 3.63 | 359.0 | 17.0 (28/45) | 0.61 | 8.24 | |
| , 10 / | ||||||
| 115.0 (13/128) | 3.04 | 275.0 | - | - | - | |
| , 2 / | ||||||
| 140.0 | 29.9 | 3290.0 | 185.0 | 40.2 | 5850.0 | |
| 28.0 | 5.97 | 131.0 | 39.4 | 6.81 | 211.0 | |
| 6.88 | 0.85 | 4.62 | - | - | - | |
| , 5 / | ||||||
| 270.0 | 18.2 | 3860.0 | 155.0 | 8.76 | 1070.0 | |
| 75.0 | 3.92 | 231.0 | 29.5 | 1.16 | 26.8 | |
| 17.4 | 0.69 | 9.4 | - | - | - | |
| 5.8 | 0.11 | 0.52 | - | - | - | |
| , 10 / | ||||||
| 272.0 | 14.0 | 3080.0 | 110.0 | 5.33 | 460.0 | |
| 60.0 | 2.45 | 115.0 | 19.0 | 0.58 | 8.75 | |
| 11.0 | 0.32 | 3.02 | - | - | - | |
| , 5 / | ||||||
| 241.0 (8/249) | 7.86 | 1490.0 | 76.0 (13/89) | 2.58 | 154.0 | |
| 52.0 (16/68) | 1.72 | 71.0 | - | - | - | |
| , 10 / | ||||||
| 239.0 (10/249) | 6.81 | 1280.0 | 73.0 (15/88) | 2.1 | 118.0 | |
| 42.0 (19/61) | 1.18 | 38.0 | - | - | - |
. 1. , 1000 , , 1000 , :
, %
: W - , ;
h - , 1000 ;
h - , %;
n - .
2. h , :
- 5-15 1. Pi;
- 4 10% ;
:
, %
3. , , 10%.
4. .
|
|
|
7
/, 1 ( 10%)
| , | |||||
| , / | |||||
| -1000 | |||||
| 1.89 | 4.50 | 2.67 | 0.00224 | 0.0000135 | |
| 0.643 | 2.62 | 1.60 | 0.210 | 0.0136 | |
| 0.212 | 1.01 | 0.64 | 0.213 | 0.142 | |
| -1000 | |||||
| 1.24 | 0.803 | 0.475 | 0.0000039 | 0.0000235 | |
| 0.723 | 0.466 | 0.285 | 0.00365 | 0.00237 | |
| 0.289 | 0.189 | 0.119 | 0.0372 | 0.0248 |
9
, %
| , | ||||||||||||||
| % |
. =100 %.
8
,
| - , | , / | ||||||||
| 0,01 | 0.9 | 1.6 | |||||||
| 1.0 | 0.5 | ||||||||
| 1,0 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 1.2 | |||||
| 5.7 | 3.7 | 1.9 | |||||||
| 20,0 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 2.6 | ||||
| 5.3 | 8.8 | 3.1 | |||||||
| 50,0 | 7.3 | 6.5 | 4.1 | ||||||
| 7.1 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 1.9 | ||||||
| 100,0 | 8.9 | 5.4 | |||||||
| 8.8 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 2.9 | ||||||
| 200,0 | 6.8 | ||||||||
| 7.1 | |||||||||
| 6.6 |
9
,
| , | " | |||
| 0.1 | ||||
10
| /3 | , | |||
| - | ||||
| - | ||||
| 1. | 1,0 | 23,0 | 2,7 | 13,0 |
| 2. | 2,3 | 10,0 | 9,0-12,0 | 5,6 |
| 3. | 1,6 | 11,0-14,0 | 10,0-14,0 | 8,1 |
| 4. | 0,7 | 30,5 | 9,7 | 18,5 |
| 5. | 1,6 | 14,4 | 10,0 | 8,4 |
| 6. | 0,9 | 26,0 | 3,0 | 14,5 |
| 7. | 0,95 | 24,0 | 2,7 | 14,0 |
| 8. | 11,3 | 2,0 | 12,0 | 1,3 |
| 9. , | 7,8 | 3,0 | 11,5 | 1,8 |
| 10. | 1,4 | 16,5 | 11,0 | 9,3 |
| 11. | 1,7 | 12,0 | 4,0 | 8,0 |
|
|
|
. , , /3.
11
- ,
| , | |
| : | |
| >1000 | |
| 50-200 | |
| 200-300 | |
| : | |
| : | |
| : | |
| : | |
| 3,5 | |
| 3,0 | |
| 2,5 | |
| 2,3 | |
| 1,7 | |
| 2,0 | |
| , , , | 2,0 |
| , , | 4,0 |
| 10,0 |
. 
12
| 1,5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 0,90 | 1,70 | 2,42 | 3,71 | 4,31 | 4,88 | 5,95 | 7,43 | 8,79 | 10,00 | 12,40 | 16,50 | 20,10 | 26,40 | 36,70 | 56,20 | 71,30 | ||||||
| 0,79 | 1,51 | 2,17 | 3,40 | 3,97 | 4,51 | 5,55 | 6,99 | 8,32 | 9,57 | 11,80 | 15,90 | 19,50 | 25,70 | 36,00 | 55,40 | 70,50 | ||||||
| 0,71 | 1,38 | 2,01 | 3,17 | 3,72 | 4,25 | 5,25 | 6,65 | 7,95 | 9,18 | 11,40 | 15,40 | 19,00 | 25,20 | 35,40 | 54,80 | 69,80 | ||||||
| 0,62 | 1,22 | 1,79 | 2,86 | 3,37 | 3,86 | 4,81 | 6,14 | 7,39 | 8,57 | 10,70 | 14,70 | 18,20 | 24,30 | 34,40 | 53,60 | 68,60 | ||||||
| 0,59 | 1,16 | 1,71 | 2,74 | 3,23 | 3,71 | 4,63 | 5,94 | 7,16 | 8,33 | 10,50 | 14,30 | 17,80 | 23,90 | 33,90 | 53,20 | 68,10 | ||||||
| 0,56 | 1,11 | 1,64 | 2,64 | 3,12 | 3,58 | 4,48 | 5,76 | 6,96 | 8,11 | 10,20 | 14,10 | 17,50 | 23,50 | 33,50 | 52,70 | 67,60 | ||||||
| 0,52 | 1,03 | 1,52 | 2,47 | 2,92 | 3,37 | 4,23 | 5,45 | 6,62 | 7,73 | 9,81 | 13,50 | 16,90 | 22,90 | 32,80 | 51,90 | 66,70 | ||||||
| 0,47 | 0,94 | 1,40 | 2,27 | 2,70 | 3,12 | 3,93 | 5,09 | 6,20 | 7,26 | 9,27 | 12,90 | 16,20 | 22,00 | 31,80 | 50,70 | 65,50 | ||||||
| 0,44 | 0,87 | 1,30 | 2,12 | 2,53 | 2,92 | 3,69 | 4,80 | 5,86 | 6,88 | 8,83 | 12,30 | 15,60 | 21,30 | 31,00 | 49,70 | 64,50 | 97,80 | |||||
| 0,41 | 0,82 | 1,22 | 2,00 | 2,38 | 2,76 | 3,49 | 4,56 | 5,58 | 6,57 | 8,45 | 11,90 | 15,00 | 20,70 | 30,20 | 48,80 | 63,50 | 96,70 | |||||
| 0,37 | 0,74 | 1,10 | 1,82 | 2,17 | 2,51 | 3,19 | 4,18 | 5,13 | 6,06 | 7,83 | 11,10 | 14,10 | 19,60 | 28,90 | 47,30 | 61,80 | 94,80 | |||||
| 0,28 | 0,57 | 0,85 | 1,41 | 1,68 | 1,95 | 2,50 | 3,29 | 4,07 | 4,83 | 6,32 | 9,14 | 11,70 | 16,60 | 25,20 | 42,60 | 56,60 | 88,80 | |||||
| 0,24 | 0,48 | 0,72 | 1,19 | 1,43 | 1,66 | 2,13 | 2,81 | 3,49 | 4,16 | 5,46 | 7,97 | 10,30 | 14,80 | 22,70 | 39,20 | 52,80 | 84,30 | |||||
| 0,19 | 0,38 | 0,57 | 0,96 | 1,15 | 1,33 | 1,71 | 2,27 | 2,83 | 3,37 | 4,45 | 6,55 | 8,58 | 12,40 | 19,50 | 34,60 | 47,30 | 77,50 | |||||
| 0,13 | 0,27 | 0,41 | 0,69 | 0,83 | 0,97 | 1,24 | 1,65 | 2,06 | 2,47 | 3,27 | 4,86 | 6,41 | 9,42 | 15,10 | 27,80 | 38,90 | 66,40 | |||||
| 0,11 | 0,22 | 0,34 | 0,56 | 0,68 | 0,79 | 1,02 | 1,35 | 1,69 | 2,03 | 2,69 | 4,01 | 5,31 | 7,84 | 12,70 | 23,80 | 33,80 | 59,20 | 98,30 | ||||
| 0,07 | 0,15 | 0,23 | 0,39 | 0,47 | 0,55 | 0,71 | 0,94 | 1,18 | 1,41 | 1,88 | 2,81 | 3,74 | 5,56 | 9,12 | 17,50 | 25,40 | 46,30 | 80,50 | ||||
| 0,05 | 0,10 | 0,16 | 0,26 | 0,32 | 0,37 | 0,48 | 0,64 | 0,80 | 0,96 | 1,28 | 1,92 | 2,55 | 3,81 | 6,30 | 12,30 | 18,10 | 34,10 | 62,00 | ||||
| 0,02 | 0,05 | 0,08 | 0,13 | 0,16 | 0,19 | 0,24 | 0,33 | 0,41 | 0,49 | 0,66 | 0,99 | 1,32 | 1,97 | 3,28 | 6,50 | 9,67 | 18,80 | 36,10 | 93,50 | |||
| 0,01 | 0,03 | 0,05 | 0,08 | 0,10 | 0,12 | 0,15 | 0,20 | 0,26 | 0,31 | 0,41 | 0,62 | 0,83 | 1,24 | 2,07 | 4,13 | 6,16 | 12,10 | 23,70 | 65,00 |
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13
