()
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:
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: 1 , . -116
: .
. 2017
1. .
. .
2. .
; ; ; ; ; ; ( 90); .
; SiO2; .
: 10% 2. HCl; 2. NaOH; 2. H2SO4; 5. Al2(SO4)3; 1. NH4OH; 0,5. SnCl4; 1. CoCl2; 2. CuSO4; 1. KI; 2. Na2SO4; 6. Ba(OH)2; Pb(NO3)2 2.; 2. AgNO3; (NH4)2SO4 2.; 2. FeSO4; .
1
.
(II) (II).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(II). .
| 1.1 , | |
| CO2 | to (CuOH)2CO3 2CuO + 2CO2↑ + H2O |
CuO . 3 CuO, 10 : H2O(); H2SO4; NaOH . .
| 1.2 , ? | |
| . | CuO + H2O |
| CuSO45H2O - | CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O CuSO4 + H2O CuSO45H2O¯ |
| CuO+ NaOH | |
| t CuO + H2O Cu(OH)2¯ | |
| SO2 ( ). | CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O CuSO4 + H2O CuSO45H2O¯ t CuSO45H2O¯ CuO + SO2↑ + O2↑ |
| Na2[Cu(OH)4] | t CuO + 2NaOH + H2O Na2[Cu(OH)4] ¯ |
|
|
|
5-6 CuSO4 NaOH.
| 1.3 , ? | |
| - Cu(OH)2 | CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2¯ + Na2SO4 |
Cu(OH)2 3 :
5-6 H2SO4; NaOH (5-6 ) , .
| 1.4 , ? | |
| CuSO4 | Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O |
| (II) (II) | Cu(OH)2 + NaOH Na2[Cu(OH)4] |
| (II) (II) | t Cu(OH)2 CuO¯ + H2O |
2
.
20 0,5 Al2(SO4)3 1. NH4OH.
| 2.1 , ? | . |
| - | Al2(SO4)3 + NH4OH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3(NH4) 2SO3 
|
3 . 10% HCl, 10% NaOH. .
| 2.2 , ? | |
| Al(OH)3 | Al(OH)3 + HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O |
| Al(OH)3 | Al(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] |
| Al2O3 | t Al(OH)3 Al2O3+3H2O |
Al2O3 3 ( 3 ). 10% HCl (5-8 ), 5-8 10% NaOH, - H2O (). 3 .
| 2.3 , ? | |
| Al2O3 + HCl | |
| Al2O3 | Al2O3 + NaOH 2Na[Al(OH)4] |
| Al2O3+ H2O | |
| Al2O3 | t Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O |
| Al2O3 | t, +3H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2Na[Al(OH)4] |
| - | t Al2O3+ 3H2O 2Al(OH)3¯ |
3
CO2 SiO2.
CO2 . 2 SiO2, 1 5-7 NaOH, HCl. .
| , ? | |
| , .. 23 | CO2 + H2O + 23 |
| SiO2 | t SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3+H2O |
| , SiO2 - , | t SiO2 + HCl |
4
.
6 1. CoCl2 4 1. NaOH, .
|
|
|
| , ? | |
| - Co(OH)2 | CoCl2 + NaOH Co(OH)Cl¯ + 2NaCl |
2-3 2. HCl.
| , ? | |
| CoCl2 | (CoOH)Cl + HCl CoCl2 + H2O |
5
.
(.) Ca(OH)2 CO2 ( ). . CO2 .
| , ? | |
| CaCO3 | Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 CaCO3¯ +H2O |
| +H2O CaCO3 + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 |
2 . 1 2 Ca(OH)2 (.), .
| , ? | |
| CaCO3 | Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3¯ + 2H2O |
| CaCO3 CO2 | t Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3¯+H2O+CO2↑ |
.
6.
.
1. 5 6. H2SO4 Al. .
2. 10 Ca(OH)2. .
3. 10 2. CuSO4 .
4. 10 2. KI 10 .
5. 5 2. Pb(NO3)2 2. HCl (5 ).
6. 5 2. Pb(NO3)2 5 2. KI. 10-15 H2O (), , .
| , 7 | |
| - SO2 | t H2SO4 + Al Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2↑ + 6H2O |
| - CaCO3 | Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3¯+H2O |
| 3CuSO4 + 2Al 3Cu + Al2(SO4)3 | |
| - | 2KI + 2HCl + HCl 2KCl + I2↑ + H2OHCl |
| PbCl2 | Pb(NO3)2 + HCl PbCl2¯ + HNO3
|
| PbI2 |
t
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2¯ + 2KNO3
|
| Pb(OH)2 | t
PbI2 2HI + Pb(OH)2¯
2H2O
|
7
.
10 (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.
| , ? | |
| - (NH4)2FeSO4*6H2O | +6H2O (NH4)2SO4 + FeSO4 (NH4)2FeSO4*6H2O |
