, .
, . , , , , .
:
1. , .
2. ( ) , ( ).
, :
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2, (1)
2Al + 2KOH + 6H2O = 2K[Al(OH)4] + 3H2. (2)
(1) (2) :
2Al + 2Na+ + 2OH- + 6 H2O = 2Na+ + 2[Al(OH)4]- + 3H2, (3)
2Al + 2K+ + 2OH- + 6 H2O = 2K+ + 2[Al(OH)4]- + 3H2, (4)
, , . . (3), (4) , :
2Al + 2OH- + 6H2O = 2[Al(OH)4]- + 3H2. (5)
, (5). , , , - , . , .
, Ag+ , ; Ba2+ SO2- .
, , .
, .
, . , . , ( ) .
( ) ( ).
|
|
: , - -.
.
- . , , , , , .. .
, :
1. :
) HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O - ,
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- = Na+ + Cl- + H2O - - ,
H+ + OH- = H2O - - ,
, () () .
1. :
) NaCl + AgNO3 = NaNO3 + AgCl¯- .
Cl- + Ag+ = AgCl¯ - - .
, , , , , , .. . .
, :
1. HF + NaOH NaF + H2O,
HF + OH- F- + H2O - - .
, HF: K(H2O) = 1,810-16; K(HF) = 6,610-4, H2O.
1. NH3H2O + HCl NH4Cl + H2O,
NH3H2O + H+ NH4+ + H2O - -
K(NH3H2O) = 1,7810-5; K(H2O) = 1,810-16
1. HF + NH3H2O NH4F + H2O,
HF + NH3H2O NH4+ + F- + H2O - -
() () (.. , , ).
1. AgCl¯ + NaI NaCl + AgI¯,
AgCl¯ + I- Cl- + AgI¯ - -
(AgCl) = 1,78 10-10 (AgI) = 8,3 10-17
(AgI) (AgCl), AgI.
1. MnS¯ + 2HCl H2S + MnCl2,
MnS¯ + 2H+ H2S + Mn2+ - -
1. Be(OH)2¯ + 2KOH K2[Be(OH)4],
Be(OH)2¯ + 2OH- [Be(OH)4]2- - -