. 908
1 2012
1-.
. -
. -
. -
. -
.. - (10132 273 )
. -
. - -
.. -
. -
νj, νi- -
. -
1.
1.1. .
1. (Qp Qv)
2 H4 0() + H2 () =C2 5 0(), 298 . , 400 ?
. 1-
ΔU = Q - A
ΔU - (U2-U1) "1" 2"; Q ; A - , ΔV, - , ΔV- (V2-V1).
, =const
Qp= ΔH = ΔU+pΔ, (1.1.2)
ΔH - .
, = const
Qp-Qv=pΔV=ΔnRT,
R - = 8,3144 / *; Δn=n2-n1 ;
n1 n2 - ; T - , .
: 1) 298 Q - Qv = ΔnRT = (0-2) 8,3144-298 = -4955,38 ;
2) 400 25 Qp Qv = (1-2) 8,3144-400 = -3325,76 .
298 Qp-Qv = -4955,38 ;
400 Qp - Qv= -3325,76 .
2.
:
2() + H2 → C2H2; Δ H.
. () Δ H - , 1 , .
Δ H Δ G, Δ S, Δ F , . - 1 (101330 ) . - , . , .
, Δ H 273 , , , 298 . ≡- - (358,2 /) ≡ (536 /); H H (430 /) 2C(rp) → 2-() (525 /).
|
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, - .
Δ H C2H2 = (-358,2*2)+(-536)+430+525*2=227,6 /.
. Δ H C2H2 = 227,6 /.
1. Qp Qv 298 66, 10 8 C2H4 .
2. Qp Qv 298 :
N2() + 3H2() ⇄ 2NH3(); 2SO2()+O2() ⇄2SO3()
2C()+O2()=2C2(); NH4CL(p) ⇄ NH3()+ HCL().
3. 1/2 N2(r)+3/2 H2() ⇄NH3() , 298 Qp = Δ H= = -46,26 /.
Qv .
4. ,
2Fe()+3/2 2()=Fe2O3 (), 291 -82, /. , .
5. Qp Qv 773 CO2() + C()= CO()
3C2H2() → C6H6().
6. H2, Cl2 HCl 436,243 -92 /. H-Cl.
7. 298 .
CH3COOCH3() + 3,5O2() → 3H2O() + 3CO2(); Δ H.
H O H
| || |
H C C O C H
| |
H H
8.
H H
| |
H C = C H
2C() + 2H2()- C2H4(); ΔH
. (. . 1).
9. H
H H H H
| | | |
H C C C C H
| | | |
H H H H
.
4C() + 5H2() = C4 H10; Δ H
10.
C() + 2H2 + 1/2 O2 = CH3OH; ΔH.
(. . ).
11. (ΔH)
H H H H
| | \ /
H C C OH() → C = C + H O H; ΔH
| | / \
H H H H()
. 1,
- . 2.
12. (ΔH)
H
| O H H
H C | |
| O C C H()
H | |
H H O2 H2O()
298 . ( . . 1, H2 O - . 2).
1.2. . . .
1. 298 (ΔH)
Al2O3() + SO3()= Al2(SO4)3() ; ΔH.
. ΔH > - , ; ΔH < - , . : ΔH () Δ H νj, νi ):
|
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δη=ς vj Δ H - ς νi Δ H. (1.2.1)
. 3 :
Δ H298 Al2O3() = -1672 /;
Δ H298 SO3() =-395,7 /;
Δ H298 A12(S04)3()= -3439,0 /.
(1.2.1):
Δ H= Δ H298 A12(S04)3 - Δ H298 Al2O3 - 3 Δ H298 SO3 =
= -3439,0+1672+3*395,7 = -580,8
ΔΗ = -580,8 .
2. ΔΗ ,
()2+ 23 ͗> (3)2 + 22,
(. . 5)
ΔHocop(COO)2 = -251,8 /;
ΔHocop (3) = -727,59 /;
ΔHocop (COOC3)2= -168,19 /.
. : :
ΔHo=Σ νi ΔHocop - Σ νj ΔHocop (1.2.2)
,
ΔHo = ΔHocop(COO)2 + 2 ΔHocop (3) - 2 ΔHocop (COOC3)2 - 2 ΔHocop (H2O)= - 251,8 - (2*727,59)+1680,19 = -26,79 .
20 ( CO2) .
. ΔHo = -26,79 .
3. (Δ H298 ) , - 1412,99 /, (Δ H298 ) C2 H2O() - 394,07 - 286,26 /.
.
C2H4() + 32 = 22() + 22();
ΔΗ = -1412,99 /
(1.2.1):
Δ H =2Δ H298 2 + 2Δ H298 2 - Δ H298 24 - Δ H298 2
, Δ H298 2= 0.
Δ H298 C2H4 = 2Δ H298 H20 +2Δ H298 CO2 - Δ H =-(2*286,26)- (2*394,07) +1412,99 = -572,52-788,14+ +1412,99 = 52,3 /.
. Δ H298 C2H4 = 52,3 /.
4. .
4 + 2O2 = 2 + 2H2O;Δ H.
ΔHocop -891,63 /.
. , ( ).
(1.2.2)
ΔΗ= ΔHocop CH4 + ΔHocop O2 - ΔHocop CO2 - ΔHocop H2O;
ΔHocop O2, 2O O2 ,
ΔΗ0= ΔHocop CH4 = -891,632 /. 80 ( 1- 2- ). ,
.. = (891,632/80)*1000=1114,54/
. .. 1114,54 /.
5.
CH3OH() + 3/2O2=CO2() + 2H2O() 500 1013
. ( )
ΔΗΤ = ΔΗ00 + ΔѰ dT, (1.2.3)
ΔѰ - . , ΔѰ (T0 T), (1.2.3)
ΔΗ= ΔΗ00 + ΔѰ (-0). (1.2.4)
- 0. , - 0=298 . . 3. (1.2.1)
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Δ H298= Δ H298 CO2 + 2Δ H298 H2O - Δ H298 CH3OH() -3/2 Δ H298 O2=
= -394-(2*241,8)-(-201,2)-0=-676,4 .
ΔѰ (.4):
ΔѰ= Ѱ CO2 + 2 ѰH2O - ѰCH3OH -3/2 ΔѰO2=
37,13+2.33ι56-43,9-3/2(29,36)=16>31 /* =
= 16,3110-3 /*, (1.2.4)
δΗ500 = -676,4+16,3110-3(500-298) = -676,4 + 3,29 = -673,11 .
. δΗ500 = -673,11 .
13.
226→ 24 + C2H2+H2.
. 5 . 3. .
14. pe cop ocopco
2PH3 + 4O2 = P2 O5 +3H2O(); Δo.
Cape . 3.
15. pe pea:
Fe3O4 + C = 3FeO + CO2; ΔHo.
16. cο 2,1 c ceρ eoc
3,77 . Pcc cpy opo .
17. oec ,
8,4 peeo , pax ycox.
18. cρy (Δ H298) po
H3, cxo yp
2PH3()+4O2()=P25() + 5H2O(); ΔH=-2398
19. Cp Δ H298 pe cc (III) occ 298 K:
) Fe2O3()+2H2()=2Fe() + 3H2O();
) Fe2O3()+3C()=2Fe() + 3();
) Fe2O3()+3CO()=2Fe() + 32().
20. Bc Δ H298 pa MgCO3() 298 K, cy :
C()+O2() = CO2 () ; Δ H298 = -394 ;
2Mg+O2 = 2MgO(p); ΔHo298 = -1203,6 ;
MgO() + CO2 ()=MgCO3(); ΔHo298 = -117,6 .
2. Bc Δ H298 pa:
) 2Li()+2H2O()=2Li+() + 2OH-() + H2();
) 2Na()+ 2H2O()=2N+() + 2OH-() + H2().
Cp pο Li+(), Na+() OH-() cooeceo pa - 278,5: -239 228,9 /.
22. Bc, oco ec ope p ppa :
) C6 H12 O6 () =2 C2 H5 OH( ) + 2 CO2 (); Δ H 1
) C6H12O6()+6O2()=6O2() + 6H2O(); ΔH2.
πoce py ?
23. Cp opo
298 K paa 82,9 /. Hae ypa pea,
op cc .
24. ec occoe 8
c opo ?
25. opo xopcoo pa xp
pec ypee:
H2+Cl2=2HCl; Δ H= -184,6 .
Coo ec coee 1 xop c
?
26. Opee epy ccc .
pe pec :
2H4+3O2=2CO2+2H2O.
27. py cocooc .
:
C2H6 +3,5O2 =2CO2+3H2O.
28. eoopy ccc . :
C2H2+ 2,5O2=2CO2+H2O.
29. Οpee :
CH4+22 =CO2+2H2() =700 K.
30. Οp :
4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O() p = 500 K.
31. Οpee pe:
2CO+O2=2CO2 800 K.
32. Οpee :
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2SO2 + O2 =2SO3 400 K.
. Οe opo coo opo xop oopoa 800 K.
34. H2+CO
C()+H2O()=CO()+H2(); ΔHo.
ΔHo . , 1000 (..).
35. ΔHo298 H2O() (-241,8 /)
:
FeO()+ CO()= Fe()+ CO2(); Δ H298 =-18,2
2CO() + O2 ()= 2CO2(); Δ H298 = -566,0 .
Δ H298
FeO()+H2()=Fe()+H2O().
36. , , 100 293 K 303 K. 75,3 /*.
37. ΔHo
2Cl2 + 2H2O=4HCl + O2,
798 K, , cex - - 298 - 798K .
38. , (, +22= 3() 298 K 1 K
P=const.
1.3. 3AKH . .
.
3
1. 400 300. ,
C = 29,2 /* ( ).
. ΔS ΔS1 ΔS2 :
ΔS1= R ln , (1.3.1)
R - ; V1 V2 .. (1.3.1)
ΔS1= 8,31*ln10=19,1 /*K.
ΔS2 =Cp*ln , (1.3.2)
- 2; 2 1 .
ΔS2 = 29,21n = -8,05 /*, ΔS = ΔS1+ΔS2= 19,1-8,05 = 11,05 /*.
. ΔS = 11,05 /*.
2. 12 473 233 K 105 6106. , = 29,2 /* ( ).
.
pV= nRT; n= =(105*12*10-3)/(8,31*473)= 0,3052 .
ΔS ΔS1 Δ S2
ΔS1 =R ln , (1..)
Ρ1 Ρ2 ; R .
ΔS2 (1.3.2).
ΔS = R ln + Cpln .
0,3052 ,
ΔS =0,3052(8,31*ln(105/(6*106)) + 29,2*ln(233/437))=-16,77 /*.
( ).
. ΔS = 16,77 /*.
3. ΔS 30 (3 ) 333 K. Τ 289,6 K.
ΔΗ= 194 /, 2,19 /*.
. Δ S Δ S1 Τ (333 ) Δ S2
Δ S1= Δ H/T (1.3.4)
1 3= 60 .
(1.3.4) Δ S1=194*30/289,6*60=20,1 /
Δ S2 (1.3.2):
Δ S2=pln(T2/T1)=2,19*30ln(333/289,6)=9,20 /.
Δ S = Δ S1 + Δ S2= 20,1+9,2=29,3 /.
: Δ S = 29,3 /.
4. ΔS ΔG
Fe34 + CO = 3FeO + CO2
.
. ΔS ΔG (2.2.1). S298 ΔG 298 .3.
,
ΔS = ∑ νj S298 - ∑νi S298.
ΔS = 3S298 FeO + S298 CO2 - S298 Fe3O4 - S298 CO =3*58,79 + 213,6 -151,46 197,4 = 39,11
ΔG = ∑ νj ΔG 298 - ∑νi ΔG 298. (1.3.6)
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ΔG = 3 ΔG 298 FeO + ΔG 298 CO2 - ΔG 298 Fe3O4 - ΔG 298 CO = 3(-246,0) 394,89 +1010 +137,4 = 14,51
ΔG < , , ΔG > 0 . ΔG > 0, , .
. ΔS = 39,11 ; ΔG = 14,51 , .
5. ΔG : C2H2+5/2 2 = 2 C2 + 2 (); ΔG,
-S298 ΔΗ298 (. 3).
. ( (1.2.1) (1.3.5)).
ΔΗ = ΔΗ298 H2O + 2ΔΗ298 CO2 - 2ΔΗ298 C2H2= -285,8+2* (-394)-226,8= -1299,6 /;
ΔS= S298 H2O + 2S298 CO2 - S298 C2H2 5/2S298 O2 =
= 70+2213,6-200,8-2,5*205= -216,2 /*;
ΔS= -0,2162 /*.
-
ΔG = ΔΗ- T ΔS, (1.3.7)
ΔG= -1299,6+0,2162*298= -1235,19 /.
, ΔG < 0 - .
. ΔG =-1235,19 .
39. 1 223 323 ( 106 105 ). 1,005 /*. 29.
40. 0,486 /* . ΔS 1 100 150.
41. 1 (5,49 ) (80,2).
126,54 /, 396 /, 1,94 /* .
42. cyp 1 pp cp p yp . 335,2 /, pp 2260 /, cc 4,188 /*K.
43. c p ΔS p capx
cx y p:
2H2S+SO2=2H2O()+3S(); Zn()+H2SO4() = ZnSO4() + H2().
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 +2H2O(r).
44. Op p c
N2+2H2O()=NH4NO2; ΔGo
c p p cp yc.
45. c -eec ΔGo c x pο p cpx yx:
) 32H2=C6H6; ΔGo1;
) CO2+2NH3→NH2-CO-NH2 + H2O(); ΔG2;
) H3-CH2-CH2OH→ CH3-=2 + 2(); ΔG3.
46. H p c, ycο ΔS cyx pc:
) 2NH3()=N2()+3H2();
) CO2()=CO2();
) 2NO()+O2()=2NO2();
) 2H2S()+3O2()=2H2O()+2SO2();
) 2CH3OH()+3O2()=4H2O()+2CO2().
47. p po p:
2A2()+B2()=2A2B().
p p cpχ ycx? c.
48. , p x cy p cp ycx p 298 K:
) N2()+1/2O2() =N2O();
) 4HCl()+ O2 () = 2Cl2 () + 2H2O();
) Fe2O3()+ 3CO()=2Fe()+ 3CO2().
49. ΔG :
CCO3() = ()+CO2()
298 , 773 1773 K. ΔH, ΔS . ΔG , .
50. ΔG298
(II):
) FeO() + 1/2 C() = Fe() + 1/2 C2 ();
)FeO() + C() = Fe() + CO() ;
) FeO() + CO() = Fe() + CO2().
?
51. , ,
( ) :
) 2N 2() + O2 () = 2N2O(); Δ H298>0;
) N2() + O2() = 2NO() ; Δ H298>0;
) 2NO() + O 2() = 2NO2(); Δ H298<0;
) NO() + NO2() = N2 O3 (); Δ H298<0;
) N2() + 2O2() = 2N2() ; Δ H298>0;
52. ΔG298 ,
298 : C; FO; u, PbO; Fe2O3; Cr2O3?
53. H22 :
2H2O() + O2 () = 2N2O2().
54.
() + C() = CO() + C().
55. Δ S 273,15 K, Δ H= 6016,8 /.
1.4. .
1. ΔG 2N2()= N2O4() 298 , 273 373 . . . , Δ G = 0. . :
ΔΗ298 So298
- / /*K
NO2 () 33,3 240,2
N2O4() 9,6 303,8
. :
aA() + bB() ⇄ () + dD()
K
K =(PcC*PdD)/(PaA*PbB)
PA, PB, PC, PD - ,,,D a, b, c, d - .
aA()+bB ( ) ⇄ C ()+dD()
Kc = (CcC*CdD)/(CaA*CbB)
CA, CB, CC, CD - ,,,D a, b, c, d - .
(1.4.1) 2NO2⇄ N2O4
K =PN2O4/P2NO2
298 K (ΔHo ) (1.2.2)
ΔHo = ΔΗ298 N2O4 - 2ΔΗ298 NO2 = 9,6-2*33,5 = -57400 .
(1.3.5)
ΔSo = S298 N2O4 - 2S298 NO2 =303,8-2* (240,2)=-176 /*
-, , , , y , . ΔΗ , ( c ) , - . , opye (1.3.6), , ΔH<O; ΔS < 0 , Δ G < 0 ypax; Δ G < 0 ; Δ G > 0 (. 4 . 1.3). , N24 ( ), NO2 ( ).
ΔGo273; ΔGo298; ΔGo373 K273; K298; K373
(1.3.7):
ΔGo298=ΔHo-TΔSo=-57400-298*(-176)=-4952.,
ΔGo273=-57400-273*(-176)=-9352:
ΔGo373=-57400-373*(-176)= 7129 .
ΔGo298 , ΔGo273 , (298 273 ) .
ΔGo373 . ( ).
p ΔGo
ΔGo=-RTlnKp
p ; R - ; T - . (1.4.3) :
lnK273=- ΔGo273/RT=9352/8,31*273=4,12
K273= 61
lnK298= -ΔGo298/RT=4952/8,31*298=2
K298=7,3
lnK373= -ΔGo373/RT=-7129/8,31*298=-2,3
K373=0,1
298 K273 > 1 ( (1.4.1)) , . K373 < 1, ο ( (1.4.1)).
ΔGo =0 ,
.
, (1.3.7):
ΔG=ΔΗ-TΔSo; O=ΔHo-TΔSo;
TΔG=0 =ΔΗ/ΔS=57400/176=326,19 K
. 326,19 K c , K=1. .
2. NH3 N 2+3 H2==2NH3 623 K 2,32*10-13. .
.
K p= Kc (RT)Δn, (1.4.4)
Δn= n2- n1 =2-4= -2, n1 n2 pea . ,
Kc=Kp/(RT)Δn=0,624*10-5
. = 0,624*10-5.
2. 1154 80380 , 1164 K - 91177 . , 101325 .
. CaCO3() ⇄ CaO()+2()
(1.4.1)
Kp=PCO2
, (1 - 1154 K; Τ =1164 * Τ = X) :
KT1 = 80380; KT2 = 91177; K T3 = 101325.
dlnKp/dT= ΔΗ/RT2 (1.4.5)
p - ; Τ - , ; ΔΗ - ; R - .
(1.4.5) 1-2 Δ H= nst
lnKT1/KT2= ΔΗ/R(1/T1-1/T2),
KT1 KT2 T1 T2.
ΔΗ ( 1.4.6)
ΔΗ=ln(91177*8,31*1154*1164/80380*10)=140500 /.
T3
ln(101325/91177)=140500/8,31(1/1164-1/T3)
T3=1172 K
. =1172 101325 .
56. 298 1,75*10-5. ?
57. (ΔGo298) K298 BaS4() → Ba2+() + S2-4(p).
:
S298 /* ΔHo 298/ 2^ 2^
BaSO4() 132,4 -1447,39
Ba2+() 9,64 -533,83
SO2-4 () 18,44 -904,2.
58. 473
24() + H2O()=25().
. 3. ΔS ΔH .
59. , ΔHo 298 ΔS298 4HCl+O2 ⇄ 22 + 2l2 , ,
=1, ΔGo = .
60. , 298 1000 :
) 2() + ⇄ 2 + 2
) 2 + () ⇄ 2;
c) N2 + 3H2 ⇄ 2NH3.
ΔHo S .
61. Δ S < . : ) , ) , ) .
62. , ΔSo :
) 2NH3() ⇄ N2() + H2() ;
) CO2() ⇄ CO2();
) 2NO() + O2() = 2NO2();
) 22S() + 3O2 = 2H2O() + 2SO2();
) 23() + 32() = 4H2O() + 22().
63. : ) ΔͰ< 0, ΔS> 0; ) Δ Ͱ<0, ΔS<0; ) Δ Ͱ>0, ΔS> 0?
64. : ) ΔͰ> 0, ΔS> 0; ) Δ Ͱ>0, ΔS<0; ) Δ Ͱ<0, ΔS<0?
65. ΔΗ<0 ΔS<0, :
)| ΔͰ| > |TΔS|; )| ΔͰ| > |TΔS|?
66. :
) N2() + 32() ⇄ 2NH3() ;
) 4Fe() + 32() ⇄ 2Fe2O3();
) SO2() + 2() ⇄ 2SO3().
67. :
1) Cl2 ⇄ CO +Cl2; ΔͰ=113 ;
2) 2 ⇄ 2 + ; ΔͰ=-171 ;
3) 2SO3 ⇄ 2SO2 + O2; ΔͰ=192 .
68. :
1) 2() + S() ⇄ 2S() ;
2) 2CO() ⇄ 2() + ();
3) 4HCl() +2() ⇄ 22() + 2Cl2().
69. :
3() ⇄ () + 2(); ΔͰ=178 ;
2() + 2() ⇄ 22 ; ΔͰ=-566 ;
N2() + 2() ⇄ 2NO() ; ΔͰ=180 .
) ,
) ?
70. , ,
() + 2() ⇄ () + 2()
1. ΔHo S .
71. +l2 ⇄ Cl2 600 1,67*10-6. .
72. 1000 42189 , 1020 - 80313 . MgC3 ⇄ g+O2 , 1 .
73. S02+1/22⇄SO3 900 2,05810-2. .
74. KT2 T2=1069 K 2 ⇄ + 2, T1 = 1000 K KT1=8,1*10-8, ΔH=-109,5 /.
75. CO() + H2O() ⇄ 2() + 2() 398 , 298 1*105. 298 (ΔG).
2.
2.1. .
1. , 18 180 ?
. , 100 . 18+180=198 . 198 18 , 100 X ( %):
18 - 198
X 100
=18*100/198=9,1%
. 18 180 9,1%- .
2. 500 0,1 Μ ?
. () , 1 .
1 56 . 0,1 5,6 . , 1000 0,1 Μ 5,6 , 500 , .. 2,8 .
. 500 0,1 Μ 2,8 , 500 .
3. , 250 24,5.
. Η - , 1 .
250 H2S4 24,5 , 1000 pa X, ,
=24,5*1000/250=98 .
, . 49, , 98 2 -.
, =/1000, - ; - ; - .
, Τ = 2*49/1000 = 0,098 /.
. H2SO4 2 Η (); 0,098 /.
4. 16%- NaOH (α = 1,18).
. 1 16%- ΝaΗ , .. 1000 *1,18 /=1180.
16%- 16 Νa 100 , 1180 1180*16/100=188,8 .
1 NaOH = 40 . , . 40/1=40 . ,
188,8/40=4,72 .
. 4,72 .
5. 0,25 Η BaSO4 , 20 2 Η ?
. . . , , .
. , ;
V1/V2=H2/H1 (2.1.1)
1 2 ; V1 V2 .
V1, (2.1.1) : V1: 20 = 2:0,25, V1=20*2/0,25=160 .
. 160 0,25 .
6. 10%- .
. , 1000 .
100 , 10%- 10 90 . 1000 . (1000*10)/90=111,1 , 111,1/98= 1,13 .
. 10%- 1,13.
1. l 100 5%- ?
2. NaNO3 1,6 10%- ?
3. Na2SO4 400 8%- ?
4. l 250 10%- , 1,05?
5. , 3
175,5 ?
6. Ν 125 0,15 Μ ?
7. ΗΝΟ3 200 0,1 Μ HNO3?
8. 0,1 Μ 7,1 Na2SO4?
9. Na2CO3 500 0,1 H ?
10. 200 1 Η N, 0,05 Η ?
11. 0,2 Η Fe(0H)3 , 100 0,5 Η ?
12. 20 0,1 Η 8 . 1 ?
13. 40 24 0,5 Η . ? 0,5 HCl ?
14. , 15 NaCl, 25 0,1 Η AgNO3. NaCl 1 ?
15. 5%- AgNO3 120 0,6 Η AlCl3?
16. 4,7 Η ΝaΗ, 1,175 /3.
17. 10 Η .
1,290 /3.
18. 50 18 . .
19. 800 3 Η 1,2 12%- (α = 1,1). ?
20. 18%- HCl (α =1,09)?
21. X (HCl) 1 . 10 5 0,1 Η Ν. ?
22. 30 20 2 Η . .
2.2.
1. , 5,4 C6H12O6 250 . 1,86o.
. ( )
T3 =K*m (2.2.1)
T3 ;
; m .
m=(g2*1000)/(M*g1), (2.2.2).
g1- ; g2 - ; Μ - .
, (2.2.2) (2.2.1), Δ=K*g2*1000/M*g1.
Μ 6166 = 180 . (2.2.3), ;
Δ=1,86*5,4*1000/180*250=0,223.
. -0,223 .
2. 0,94 C6H5OH 50 0,232. , 1,16.
. :
Δ=E*m=E*g2*1000/M*g1, (2.2.4)
Δ - ; Ε ; g2 , g1 .
(2.2.4),
M=E*g2*1000/Δ*g1=1,16*0,94*1000/0,232*50=94 .
, 94 a.e..
. 94 ...
3. , 0,85 ZnCl2 125 , -0,23o . ZnCl2 .
. (2.2.1) (2.2,4) - i:
Δ=i*K*m; (2.2.5)
Δ= i*E*m; (2.2.6)
, cc ZnCl2 136 ...,
m=0,85*1000/125*136=0,05 .
:
i= Δ/K*m=0,23/1,86*0,05=2,47
i, α n, , , ..
α=(i-1)/(n-1)
:
α = (2,47-1)/(3-1) = 0,735 73,5%.
. = 73,5%.
23. , , 100 4 C10H8.
24. , 100 9 C6H12O6?
25. 50%- C12 H22 O11?
26. C12 H22 O11 100 , 1o?
27. 23 383, 100,104?
28. C6H12O6 260 , 0,05?
29. , 5,4 200 , 100,078. .
30. , 2 200 , -0,547. .
31. , 6,15 150 , -0,93. .
32. 2,76 C3H8O3 200 0,279o C. .
33. , 2 25O 8 , . .
34. , 2,7 C6H5OH 75 , 3,5, 5,5. .
35. 118,4. 3,1. , 10 164 , 119,53. .
36. - ,