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:




:

































 

 

 

 





, , , , . () , ( ) ( I), ..

() , () . ( = Y), . ( < Y), , , .. . ( >Y), , , , , , . ( ), , . , - (planned investment - I) (unintended inventory investment I un):

: = + I, - : = + I

, , 0, , ( = ) ( = Y).

, , () (S): Y = + S Y = = , .

, . , , .

.4.4. ( 450), , . , ( - m), , (), . , - (Keynesian cross). ( , . ).

 
 

, .. (. ). : 1) (): = Y; 2) : = ; 3) : I = S; 4) : I = S

. , . :

E < Y, E < E Þ I < S

. , . :

E > Y, E > E Þ I > S

.

? , ( ) ( ), () . ( . .). , , , , , , , , ( . .). , , , ( ) . (.4.1).

 

 

, ( ) : , , .

, ? , , , , .. . , , () () () . , , , , .. , .

, $100, .. . , $100, . , = 0.8, , 1 80 (.. 80%), 20 (.. 20%) (.. ms = 0.2). , $100 , $80 (Y m =100 0.8 = 80) $20 (Y ms = 100 0.2 = 20). ( ) $80 , $64 (Y m = 80 0.8 = 64) $16 ( 80 0.2 = 16) .. , 0.

 


, , :

( ) (m) . , , .. . () . 5 (1 / 1 0.8 = 5). , $100 $500 (100 5 = 500).

() . , , , , .. , , .. , ( ) .

. :

(, ) .4.5.

, , . , .

(m), . , , m = 0.9, = 10 (1 / (1 0.9) = 10), m = 0.75, = 4 (1 / (1 0.75) = 4). m , m, .

 
 

(.. m , , -, - ). .4.6. .4.6 () (m) , (ΔY2 > ΔY1), .4.6 ().

 





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