ACTIVE VOCABULARY
| 1. economy emerging economies industrialized economies (advanced economies) economies of scale real economy economic economical economics | 1) , ; 2) , ; 3) - , |
| 2. indicator leading indicator lagging indicator coincident indicator to track indicators | , |
| 3. pattern | 1) , , , 2) , 3) , 4) , |
| 4. survey | , |
| 5. policy makers | , ; |
| 6. to intervene intervention | , |
| 7. business | 1) , , 2) , 3) , 4) , |
| 8. industry | 1) , 2) , |
| 9. production industrial production production factors (inputs) | 1) , ; 2) , 1) , 2) |
| 10. manufacturing manufacturing industry | 1), 2) |
| 11. mining | |
| 12. utilities | () |
| 13. inventories | - () |
| 14. rate growth rate unemployment rate profit rate interest rate exchange rate birth rate at an annual rate syn. annualized | 1) , 2) , , , 3) 4) , 5) |
| 15. trend syn. tendency | , , |
| 16. business cycle syn. economic cycle | , |
| 17. slowdown | , |
| 18. boom boom-bust-cycle | , , |
| 19. downturn syn. downswing | , |
| 20. recession double-dip recession | , , () |
| 21. depression the Great Depression | , , 1929-30 . |
| 22. recovery to recover | , , |
| 23. prosperity to prosper | , |
| 24. expansion to expand | , , , , |
| 25. contraction to contract | , , , |
| 26. gain (s) to gain | 1) , 2) , 3) , , 1) , 2) / 3) , |
| 27. performance | , , , |
| 28. pattern seasonal pattern | 1) , 2) 3) , , 4) |
| 29. to adjust seasonal adjustment adjusted for inflation (inflation adjusted) | , , |
| 30. to fluctuate fluctuation | , |
| 31. average at an average rate on average | , |
| 32. GDP /gross domestic product real GDP (adjusted for inflation) nominal GDP GDP per person/head/ capita | / ( ) ( ) |
| 33. GNP/gross national product | / |
| 34. output | 1) , 2) , 3) |
| 35. income real income | , , ( ) |
| 36. household household income | |
| 37. consumption consumer consumer demand |
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| 38. inflation inflationary pressure | , ( ) |
| 39. deflation | , |
| 40. purchasing power syn. purchasing capacity | |
| 41. Producer Price Index (PPI) | , |
| 42. Consumer Price Index | , |
| 43. to sustain sustainable | , 1) , , 2) , |
1. transaction ,
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syn. deal
2. monetary transaction
3. to affect 1 ) , , 2) , ,
4. to distort , ,
5. to devise ,
6. to boost ; ; ;
7. flaw , ,
8. decade
9. to allow for ,
10. to revise(upwards/downwards) ( /)
11. black economy 1) ; 2)
12. to enhance , ,
13. consumerism 1) 2)
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14. to deplete natural resources
15. case , ,
16. consumption per capita
17. to discourage 1) , , 2) ,
18. to tax
19. to tackle an issue ,
20. hazard ,
21. welfare ,
22. life expectancy
23. infant mortality
24. goal post , ,
syn. target figure
25. to plump for ;
26. sustainability 1) 2)
27. economic viability ,
28. social cohesion
29. to abandon ,
1. capture ,
2. standard of living/living standard
3. to be well off ,
4. to be better off / worse off /; /
5. well-being
6. wealth , ,
7. to take account of -
8. to quantify
9. capital goods ,
10. depreciation , ,
11. government services -
12. a gap , ,
13. joblessness -
Syn. unemployment
the unemployed ( )
14. sustainable 1) , 2) ,
15. to make an assumption ,
16. exhaustible resources
17. to mitigate , ,
18. turmoil , ,
melt-down , . ,
2. to subside , ,
3. to perk up ,
4. to vault ,
5. double dip ()
output - 1) , 2) , 3) , ,
rate - 1 ) , ; 2) , ; 3) ; 4) , ;5) , , ; 6) , , .
all time high ,
ant. all-time low
record high ,
years low
to brake - , , ,
industrial capacity use
retail sales -
wholesale inventories -
robust , ,
to erode , ,
to undercut 1 ) , , 2) ,
capital investment
inventory overhang ,
to crumble , , ,
to shrink (shrank, shrunk)
spending cut /
a thinktank ,
to fuel ,
to diminish , ,
outlook ,
so far , ,
mismatch ,
leeway
to ease monetary policy -
ant. to tighten
median forecast /
to undershoot , ,
to bolster , ,
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credit expansion
stimulus spending
shortfall , ; .
overproduction
demand and supply
intact , ,
rebound , ,
commodity
tepid ,
to wane ,
to gain momentum , , ,
Ant. to lose momentum
drought
natural resources
incentive , ,
loan ,
income tax , ()
to lift ,
green shoots - ,
headwind , ;
in the face of ,
to dent , ,
to underpin , ,
to argue , ,
to suggest , , ,
to flatline ,
government spending ,
