_____________________
______________________
20____/20____
620.10(076.5)
518
620.10(076.5)
.., .., ..
518 . : , 2012. 56 ., .
, 2012
-, :
1. .
2. () , .
3. , , , .
4. , .
5. , .
:
___________________
1.
.
2. , , .
3. , , .
4. , , .
1. F: 1 ≈ 10 = 10-5 = 10-2 .
2. ( ): 1 ∙ ≈ 10 .
3. σ, τ : 1 /2 ≈ 0,1 /2 ().
4. γ: 1/3 ≈ 0,01 /3.
5. : 12 = 10-4 2.
6. Ix, Ixy, Ip:14 = 10-8 4.
7. Wx, Wp: 1 3 = 10-6 3.
1
:
.
.
1. .
2. .. , 1972.
3. .. . ., 1970.
1.
1.1. :
|
|
|
__________________________
____________ _____________
______________________________________
_________________________
1.2. - :
1 ;
2 ;
3 ,
;
4 ;
5 ;
6 ();
7 , -
.
. 8.
1.3. :
= ______; t = ______;
= _________2.
1.4. 1 2
(. 9).
:
) ;
) .
. 9.
1.5. :
Δλ = λ2 λ1; k = Δλ/Δl;
Δλ/H = δ/h; Δl/b = δ/B;
k = B∙H/b∙h
. 10.
1.6. ,
:
l = 20;
k = 1000.
1.7. .
σ [σ]:
σ = F/A ≤ [σ].
[σ] = 1600/2.
, :
Fmax = [σ]∙A = _____________ = __________ .
2.
2.1.
| . . | F , | ., ΔFi, | ||||||
| λ1 | Δλ1 | λ2 | Δλ2 | |||||
| ΔF = ______ | Δλ1 =_____ | Δλ2 =_____ | ||||||
2.2. :
)
Δl1 = Δλ1/k = __________________ = ___________
)
ε1 = Δl1/l = _____________________ = _____________
) , ΔF = ______ ,
σ = ΔF/A =__________=_____________ /2;
|
|
|
)
= σ/ε1 = ______________ = __________ /2 = __________.
2.3. :
)
Δl2 = Δλ2/k _______________ = __________ ;
)
ε2 = Δl2/l _________________= _________ ;
)
μ = | ε2/ε1 | = _____________________ = ___________
3.
3.1. :
= ______ /2 = _______;
μ = ____________
3.2. :
G = E/2(1 + μ) = __________________________ = ___________ .
____________________
____________________
____________________
__________________20 .
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
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5. ?
6. .
7. , - σ ε?
8. .
9. ?
10. .
11. ?
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13. ?
14. ?
15. ?
16. ?
17. ?
18. ?
19. ?
2
: 1. .
2.
3. .
.
1. .
2. .. , 1972.
3. .. . ., 1970.
1.
1.1. (.1):
_____________________________
_________ ________
_________________________
_____________
:
_ mF = ________/,
_ mΔl = __________/.
.1.
1.2. :
d = _____________________ ;
l = ________________;
= ____________________2.
1.3. ( , II, 1497-61)
.2.
1.4. :
|
|
|
mσ = mF / = _________________/2∙
_________________/;
mε = 100∙mΔl / l = _________% /.
2.
2.1. :
d = ________;
l = ______________;
=_________ = ________2.
2.2.
.3.
2.3. yi , -
Fi = yi ∙mF σi = yi ∙mσ:
| yi , | ______ | ______ | ______ | ______ |
| Fi, | ||||
| σi, |
2.4. :
1. σ =___________ .
2. σ =___________ .
3.
σ =___________ .
4. σ =___________ .
5. σ =___________ .
2.5. ( 1)
= __________/2:
ε = σ /E = _____________= _________;
Δ l = ε∙lo =____________=________ ;
x Δ l = Δ l /mΔl = _________
= _________.
2.6. :
Δl =___________ ;
ε= Δl /l =________=______;
x Δl = Δl / mΔl =_________=
=_________.
2.7. xi -
εi = xi∙mε:
| , xi, | ||||
| εi, % |
2.8. :
1.
δ = 100∙(l l)/ l = _________________=________%
2. ( -
):
ψ = 100∙( )/ = ___________
2.9. :
1. ,
w = 0,01η∙σ∙δ = ______________________=_______ /3,
η = 0,85 ;
2.
W = w∙lo∙Ao = __________________=_________ H.
2.10.
.4.
3. .
3.1. ?
3.2. ? , [σ] = 160.
____________________
____________________
____________________
__________________20 .
1. ?
2.
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?
3. .
4. ?
5. , ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9.
?
10. ?
11. ?
12. ?
13. ?
14. ?
15. ?
16. ?
17. ?
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20. ?
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24. ?
25. ?
3
: 1.
( ,
).
2.
.
3.
.
, , , , .
1. .
2. .. , 1972.
3. .. . ., 1970.
1.
1.1. :
______________________;
____________________________;
________________________;
:
_____________/______________/.
1.2. ( 8817-58, 2055-43):
)
d0 = ________________c;
h0 = _________________;
0 = ___________________ 2;
)
d0 = ________________c;
h0 = _________________;
0 = ___________________ 2;
)
( )
= ________________;
= ________________;
h0 = ________________ ;
0 = ___________________2;
)
( )
= ________________;
= ________________;
h0 = ________________ ;
0 = ___________________2
.5.
(). : , - , - , - . , , , ..
2.
2.1.
.6.
2.2. ,
-
.
2.2.1. :
h = ____________;
Δh = h0 h _______________= ________;
ε = 100∙ Δh / h0 = ___________= _____%;
d =____________ :
A = πd2/4 = _________________= _________2;
h = ____________;
|
|
|
Δh = h0 h _______________= ________;
ε = 100∙ Δh / h0 = ___________= _____%;
, F =____________ ;
σ = F /0 = _____________=_______ /2 =______;
F =____________ ;
σ = F / = _____________=_______ /2 =______.
2.2.2.
:
h = ____________;
Δh = h0 h _______________= ________;
ε = 100∙ Δh / h0 = ___________= _____%;
:
=__________ ; b = ____________;
A = ∙ b = _________________= _________2;
h = ____________;
Δh = h0 h _______________= ________;
ε = 100∙ Δh / h0 = ___________= _____%;
, F =____________ ;
σ = F /0 = _____________=_______ /2 =______;
F =____________ ;
σ = F / = _____________=_______ /2 =______.
2.2.3. :
| σ , | ε , % | σ , | ε, % | |
2.3. ,
.
2.3.1. :
F = __________ ;
σ = F /A0 =__________= _______/2 =________;
h = __________ ;
Δh = h0 h =_______________= ________;
ε = 100∙ Δh / h0 = ___________= _____%;
2.3.2. :
F = __________ ;
σ = F /A0 =__________= _______/2 = _______;
h = __________ ;
Δh = h0 h =_______________= ________;
ε = 100∙ Δh / h0 = ___________= _____%;
2.3.3. :
| σ, | ε , % | |
2.4. :
. 7.
:
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
3.
3.1. ,
, ?
3.2.
?
3.3. σ /γ ,
7,7∙10-2 /3
0,54∙10-2/3.
- σ /γ = ________________= __________//3
- σ /γ = ________________= __________//3
____________________
____________________
____________________
__________________20 .
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?
11. , ?
12. ?
13. ?
14. ?
15. ?
16. ?
17. ? ?
18. .
19. .
4
:
-
.
- .
1. .
2. .. , 1972.
3. .. . ., 1970.
1.
1.1. .
. 14.
l (
);
Δ .
1.2. .
φ ;
δ -
, ;
1 ;
2
δ.
. 15.
1.3. :
R = _____________ ;
l = ____________________ c;
= ________________ ;
1 = ______________.
1.4. :
________________________;
= _______/2 = _______;
μ = ________________;
G = ____________ = ________ /c2.
2.
2.1. .
2.1.1. :
D = _______________c;
d = _______________ c;
α = d/D = ________________
Ip = ______________ = ___________ =
= ________4;
W = ____________ = _________=
= _________c3.
2.1.2. :
τmax = ____________ = ___________ = _______ /2 = ________.
2.1.3. :
. 16.
2.2. φ l:
φ = ________________= ______________=_________ = _______;
2.3. :
θ =____________ = ____________ = ___________ /.
3.
3.1.
| . . | . - , ∙ | . . Δ, ∙ | |||||||
| λ | Δλ | λ1 | Δλ1 | λ3 | Δλ3 | ||||
| Δ = | Δλ = | Δλ1 = | Δλ3 = |
3.2. .
3.2.1. :
:
ε1 = Δλ1∙1 = _____________= _____________;
ε3 = Δλ3∙1 = _____________= _____________.
:
= _______________________ = ___________/2 =
= _______________;
= _______________________ = ___________/2 =
= _______________.
:
τmax = (σ1 - σ3)/2 = ______________ = ______ /2 = _______.
3.2.2. :
φ = Δλ∙/R = _______________ = ___________ = ________.
4.
4.1.
| , % | |||
| , τmax | |||
| - , φ |
4.2. :
________________________________________________________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
__________________20 .
1. ?
2. ?
3. - ?
4. ?
5. ? ?
6. ?
7. - ?
8. - , ?
9. -?
10. ?
11. ? ?
12. ? ?
13. , . ?
14. .
15. - ?
16. ?
17. - ?
5
: 1.
-
.
2. -
.
, , .
1. .
2. .. , 1972.
3. .. . ., 1970.
1.
1.1.
.
.11.
1 ;
2 ;
3 -
, ;
f ;
δ ;
θ .
1.2.
().
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| l, , , L - , , l1, h, , d, , |
-
2,2
1,1
-
| .12 6,4 0,73 |
-
1,8
0,8
-
|
1.3. .
. 13.
. 12.
1 =__________________
2 = 0,01.
2.
2.1. .
2.1.1. :
Ix =_____________________________4;
Wx = ______________________________3;
2.1.2. :
ΔF = _______________;
YA = YB = _________________;
:
M(a) = ___________=__________________=________ ∙.
2.1.3. :
: σ =_____=__________=_____ /2 = _____;
: σ =_____=__________=_____ /2 = _____;
: σ =_____=__________=_____ /2 = _____;
2.1.4. :
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________
2.2.
2.2.1.
f = _____________ = ____________________= ______ =______;
2.2.2.
θ = ______________=_____________________= ___________ .
3.
3.1.
| . . | - F, | C- ΔF, | |||||||
| . | . | . | |||||||
| λ | Δλ | λ | Δλ | λ | Δλ | ||||
| ΔF = ______ | . Δλ = _______ | . Δλ = ________ | . Δλ = ________ |
3.2.
| . . | F , | ., ΔFi, | ||||||
| 1 | 2 | |||||||
| λ1 | Δλ1 | λ2 | Δλ2 | |||||
| ΔF = ______ | Δλ1 =_______ | Δλ2 =_______ | ||||||
3.3.
3.3.1. :
: ε = Δλ∙1 = ___________________ = ______________
: ε = Δλ∙1 = ___________________ = ______________
: ε = Δλ∙1 = ___________________ = ______________
3.3.2. :
: σ = ∙ε = _______________ = _______ /2 _______;
: σ = ∙ε = _______________ = _______ /2 _______;
: σ = ∙ε = _______________ = _______ /2 _______.
3.3.3. :
f = Δλ1∙C2 = ____________ =__________;
δ = Δλ2∙2 = ______________= ________;
:
θ = δC/l1 = _________________ = _________ .
4.
| , % | |||
| σ, | |||
| f, | |||
| θ, . |
____________________
____________________
____________________
__________________20 .
1. , , ?
2. ?
3. - .
4. - ?
5. - ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. - ?
10. ?
11. ? ?
12. ?
13. , ?
14. - ?
15. ?
16. ? ?
17. ?
18. , ? ?
19. ?
20. , 90 ?
6
: 1. -
-
.
2. -
.
.
1. .
2. .. , 1972.
3. .. . ., 1970.
1.
1.1. :
1 - -
;
2 ,
;
3 4 ;
-
.
. 17.
1.2. :
l = 40;
= 30;
D = 4,5c;
d = 4c;
α = d/D = 0,889.
1.3. :
;
= 0,7∙106/2 = 0,7∙105;
μ = 0,34.
2.
2.1. :
. 18.
2.2. :
: ΔF1 = _______ ; ΔF2 = ________ ;
:
= (ΔF1 ΔF2)l = ____________= _________ ∙;
:
= (ΔF1 + ΔF2)a = ____________ = __________∙.
2.3. :
Wx = πD3(1 α4)/32 = __________________= ________ 3;
Wp = 2Wx = ____________= ___________ 3.
2.4. :
σ = / Wx = __________ = _________ /2 = __________;
τ = - T /Wp = ____________ = _________/2 = __________.
2.5. :
.19.
2.6. :
= ____________________ = _______/2 =_____;
= ____________________ = _______/2
