볭 , , . ( 2.302-68):
1:2; 1:2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000;
() 1:1;
2:1; 2,5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1.
.
, , : 1:1; 1:2; 4:1 .., 1:1; 1:2; 4:1 ..
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4. ́ (, , .).
3321-96 :
1. , ;
2. , .
, . 璺 . 6636-69 [3], .
ij , .
( ), . 璺 , . г .
5. ij
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6.
l = dk, l - ; d - ;
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7.
, , , .
(. . 4.21). , 1:5, ' (. 4.22,), . . , , 1:5.
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(. 4.24)
.
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8.
.
. (. 61, ) , , , R . R2 R . . 002 ; 02 . R = 02 .
. (. 61, 6) , Rx R2\ D OjO .
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9.
CD (. 63, ). , , , , . . . AM 04. 02 03 0,0; ; 0.,03; 0204. 04 R = 04 040i 00 1 2. <5 4. 01 0 Rt = 0-^ Rl = 02.
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10.
, .
. , , , , , . , : , , , , ;! . .
. , . , 15 . , . , - . , , . . . . . . 67 , . , , , , '.. .
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CD (. 69, ). , CD. , 12, . . 1, 2, 3,... , 1', 2', 3',... . 1, 11, 111,... .
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, . , , . .
.
.
, , . .
.
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