(h) , , .
h =
( , ), ( ). , , . .
, . , CH3COO -
CH3COO - + H2O CH3COOH + OH
[CH3COOH] [OH -]
=.
[CH3COO -] [H2O]
[H2O] , . [H +],
[CH3COOH] [OH -] [H +]
= [H2O] = .
[CH3COO -] [H+]
,
10-14
= =.
, , , , .. .
10-14
= =,
.
, , , , , .. .
=.
, , , , ( H+ OH ). .
.
. , .
= h2 C, h = ,
.
: , , , , .. . , . , .
|
|
: , , , , , 100 , , , .
1. .
, , (. 2).
2
NaCl | CuCl2 | NaHCO3 | ||
K2SO4 | Pb(NO3)2 | Na2C2O4 | ||
LiCl | NH4Cl | Na2S | ||
NaNO3 | CuSO4 | Na2CO3 | ||
Na2SO4 | CrCl3 | K3PO4 | ||
CaCl2 | BeSO4 | NaCH3COO | ||
BaCl2 | FeCl2 | Na2SO3 | ||
KNO3 | Al2(SO4)3 | KNO2 | ||
SrCl2 | SnCl2 | K2SiO3 | ||
CsCl | NH4NO3 | KCH3COO | ||
NaF | Cr2(SO4)3 | K2S | ||
KBr | NiSO4 | KNO2 | ||
KCl | ZnSO4 | Na3PO4 | ||
LiNO3 | MnCl2 | NaNO2 | ||
. .
.
, , ?
= ¾¾¾¾¾,
.
( , . 3.
3
HNO2 2S H2SO3 HCl H2CO3 CH3COOH H3PO4 H2C2O4 | 4,6 . 10 -4 1 = 8,7 . 10 8 2 = 3,6 . 10 -13 1 = 1,7 . 10 2 2 = 6,8 . 10 8 4,9. 10 10 1 = 4,3 . 10 7 2 = 5,6 . 10 -11 1,8 . 10 5 1 = 7,6. 10 3 2 = 6,2 . 10 6 3 = 4,4 . 10 12 1 = 5,6 . 10 2 2 = 5,1 . 10 -5 | NH4OH l(OH)3 Cu(OH)2 r(OH)3 Pb(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 a(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 | 1,8 . 10 -5 3 = 1,4 . 10 9 2 = 3,4 . 10-7 3 = 1,02 .10 10 1 = 9,6 . 10 4 2 = 4,0 . 10 5 2 = 2,5 . 10 3 2 = 1,3 . 10 4 3 = 1,35 .10 12 2 = 4,3 . 10 2 2 = 2,5 . 10 5 2 = 5,0 . 10 4 |
. 4.
4
( ) | |||||
.
2.
.
2-3 1 2-3 . . .
|
|
. . .
3.
) 2-3 (II) SnOHCl. .
, -.
) 50 1-2 Pb(NO3)2. .
, . , .
4. () .
68 AlCl3. , . , , .
. , , , . .
5. , ,
.
12 1
. .
? , (1 = 4,3. 10 7, 2 = 5,6 . 10 11)
(1 =1,7 . 10 2, 2 = 6,8 . 10 8) . .
1. ?
2. . .
3. ? ? .
4. ? ?
5. , , ?
6. ? .
7. ? .
8. , () ? .
9. ? ?
10. KCl, NaCl, CuCl2, AlCl3. + OH -? .
11. , Na2SiO3, Na2SO4? O .
12. KCl
o NH4Cl? .
13. , NaCl KCl ? .
14. , CH3COONa. : 0,57 . 10 9.
15. , H3COONa 0,01 . : 2,39 . 10 4 (2,39. 10 2 %).
16. . ?
|
|
17. , , , ? ?
18. , , ?
19.
Cu(NO3)2 + H2O CuOHNO3 + HNO3.
. H2O, KOH, HNO3, Cu(NO3)2?
1. .. . .: . ., 2000.
2. . / . .. . .: , 1980.
3. .., .., . .: . ., 1987.
4. .. . .: ,
1986.
5. ./ . .. . - .: . ., 1976.
6. . /. . .. , .. . .: . ., 1969.
7. .., .., .. . .: . ., 2001.
8. .., .., .., .., .. . 1 . 1. : , 1997.
: . 酅 3
1. . 3
1.1 3
1.2 .. 4
1.3 酅. 5
1.4 . 8
2. 11
3. 腅. 14
ꅅ 15