, :
+ + -
, ()
= [+] . [-]
, , , . : , .
:
[+] . [-] > ,
[+] . [-] < .
:
0,01 CaCl2 Na2SO4. CaSO4, = 1,3 .10-4.
:
Ca2+ SO42- .
CaCl2 Na2SO4
aCl2 Ca2+ + 2Cl-, [Ca2+] = 0,01 /,
Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42-, [ SO42-] = 0,01 /.
, Ca2+ SO42- .
[Ca2+] = [ SO42-] = 0,005 = 5 .10-3 /.
:
[Ca2+] . [ SO42-] = (5 . 10-3)2 = 2,5 .10-5.
, , , .
, , , . , , , .. .
, (, ), , . : 1) , ; 2) , () ; 3) , ; 4) , . - . - : ) , ; ) , , , . - .
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, :
:
1.H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O ( );
2H+ + SO42- + 2Na+ + 2OH- 2Na+ + SO42- + 2H2O ( - ).
, -
H+ + OH- H2O;
2. CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl.
- CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH;
3. NH4Cl + NaOH NH4OH + NaCl.
- NH4+ + OH- NH4OH.
, () () .
:
1.NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl ¯ + Na NO3.
- Cl - + Ag+ AgCl ¯;
2. FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl.
- - Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 ¯;
3.Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S.
- S2- + H+ H2S .
, , , , , . .
, :
1.CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O.
-
CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO- + H2O;
2. NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O.
- NH4OH + H+ NH4+ + H2O;
3. CH3COOH + NH4OH CH3COONH4 + H2O.
-
CH3COOH + NH4OH CH3COO- + H2O.
, () ()
;
4. AgCl ¯ + NaI AgI ¯ + NaCl.
- - AgCl ¯ + I- AgI ¯ + Cl-;
5. MnS ¯ + 2HCl MnCl2 + H2S .
- MnS ¯ + 2H+ Mn2+ + H2S .
: , 100 - 6 ., , ; , , , , , , , , ; ; , (11), ; .
1. .
, .
100 ½ , , , . . , . |
: , , , , , .
. . ? . . .
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