-
.
2007
54
24.1
. . : : , 2007, 41.
:
: ..., ...,
.
.., ...,
- . , 2007
1
: .
116 85. . ( ) , , - , . . . , , 5 /3, 5 /3. 15000 10000. . . (. 1) , .
1
Fe, Mn, Cr | Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Al | Pt, Ir, Os, Pd, Ru, Rh, Au, Ag | Cu, Zn, Sn, Pb, Bi | Ga, In, Tl, Re | Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, W, Mo, Co, Ni | Rb, Cs, Sr | Sc, Y, La | Po, Ra, U, Ac | Hg |
|
|
ne- = Mn+ ,
, e- , Mn+ n+.
, ( 1, 2 3). (Ge), (Sn), (Pb), 4 . . , . , . , .
. , .
2Mg + O2 = 2MgO
: (Na2O2, KO2, RbO2). (Cr, Al, Be, Mg, Ti .) , , . (Au), (Pt) (Ag) .
(.2).
, , .
, , .
2
( = 298 0)
0, | ||
Li+/Li | Li + + - = Li | - 3,045 |
Rb+/Rb | Rb+ + e - = Rb | - 2,295 |
K+/K | K+ + e - = K | - 2,924 |
s+/s | Cs+ + e - = Cs | -2,923 |
2+/ | 2+ +2e - = Ba | -2,906 |
2+/C | 2+ +2e - = Ca | -2,866 |
Na+/Na | Na+ + e - = Na | -2,714 |
g2+/Mg | Mg2+ + 2e - = Mg | -2,363 |
Be2+/Be | Be2+ + 2e - = Be | -1,847 |
Al3+/Al | Al3+ + 3e - = Al | -1,662 |
Ti2+/Ti | Ti2+ + 2e - = Ti | -1,628 |
Mn2+/Mn | Mn2+ + 2e - = Mn | -1,180 |
Zn2+/Zn | Zn2+ + 2e - = Zn | -0,763 |
Cr3+/Cr | Cr3+ + 3e - = Cr | -0,744 |
Fe2+/Fe | Fe2+ + 2e - = Fe | -0,440 |
d2+/Cd | Cd2+ + 2e - = Cd | -0,403 |
2+/Co | Co2+ + 2e - = Co | -0,277 |
Ni2+/Ni | Ni2+ + 2e - = Ni | -0,250 |
Sn2+/Sn | Sn2+ + 2e - = Sn | -0,136 |
Pb2+/Pb | Pb2+ + 2e - = Pb | -0,126 |
2+/H2 | 2H+ + 2e - = H2 | |
Cu2+/Cu | Cu2+ + 2e - = Cu | +0,337 |
Ag+/Ag | Ag+ + e - = Ag | +0,799 |
Hg2+/Hg | Hg2+ + 2e - = Hg | +0,854 |
d2+/Pd | Pd2+ + 2e - = Pd | +0,987 |
Pt2+/Pt | Pt2+ + 2e - = Pt | +1,190 |
Au3+/Au | Au3+ + 3e - = Au | +1,498 |
, , :
|
|
Zn + NiSO4 = Ni + ZnSO4
Zn 2e- → Zn2+
Ni2+ + 2e- → Ni ,
Zn + MgSO4 → .
:
- (Li, K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Be, Al);
- (Ti, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb);
- (Cu, Ag, Hg, Pd, Pt, Au), .
. . H+ 10-7 /, :
, , 0,41 , ..
(. . 2). , :
Ca + H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2.
, , ,
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2.
. (Zn(OH)2, Fe(OH)2 .), . (Zn, Fe) , :
Fe + H2O () ←→ H2 + FeO.
() . , , . .
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2
HCl ( +) | ||
Li Al | Ti H2 | H2 Au |
, | ||
b |
() , , :
b + 2HCl = PbCl2↓ + H2.
.
.
, , , . , , , ,
Fe + H2S04 (.) = FeS04 + 2,
, PbS04 .
.
+6, - SO2-4. , , . - 0,36 . :
2S4 (.) ( S+6) | ||||
Li Al | Ti H2 | H2 Au | ||
, | : Cu Hg, Ag | : | ||
, | : | u, Ru, s, | ||
Al | Fe, r | Rh, Ir, Pt | ||
, , : | ||||
H2S (S-2) | S (S0) S2 (S+4) | S2 (S+4) | 1, | |
, , H2S, S S2. , , .
|
|
(Li Mg ), (H2S)
4 Mg + 5H2S04 (.) = 4MgS04 + H2S + 42.
(Cu,Ag) S2,
Cu + 22S4 (.) = CuS04 + SO2 + 2H2O;
t0 C
2Ag + 22S4 (.) = Ag2S04↓+ SO2 + 2H2O.
(Zn, Sn, Pb .) S S2
3Zn + 4H2S04 (.) = 3ZnS04 + S + 42;
Sn + 42S4 (.) = Sn(S04)2 + 2SO2 + H2O;
Pb + 32S4 (.) = Pb (S04)2 + SO2 + 2H2O.
, (IV), .
Al, Fe, r , 100%, . . , . .
.
+5. - N-3 0,96 , .. - SO2-4. , , . , . , :
N (.) ( N+5) | |||
Li - Al | Ti - H2 | H2 - Au | |
, | : Cu, Hg, Ag | : u,Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pt | |
Ti, Cr | |||
, , : | |||
N4N (N-3) | N2 (N20), N2O (N+1), NO (N+2) | NO (N+2) |
:
8HNO3 (.) + 3Cu = 2NO + 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O;
4HNO3 (.) + Fe = NO + Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2O;
8HNO3 (.) + 3Sn = 2NO + 3Sn(NO3)2 + 4H2O;
10HNO3 (.) + 4Zn = N2O + 4Zn(NO3)2 + 5H2O;
10HNO3 (.) + 4Ca = N4N + 4Ca(NO3)2 + 3H2O.
, (III), (II).
.
. , , :
N (.) ( N+5) | |||
Li - Mg | Al, Ti - H2 | H2 - Au | |
, | : Cu, Hg, Ag | : u, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pt | |
Al, Ti, Cr, Fe | |||
, , : | |||
N2O (N+1) | NO2 (N+4) | NO2 (N+4) |
:
10HNO3 (.) + 4C = N2O + 4C(NO3)2 + 5H2O;
4HNO3 (.) + Zn = 2NO2 + Zn (NO3)2 + 2H2O;
|
|
4HNO3 (.) + u = 2NO2 + u(NO3)2 + 2H2O.
, , , ,
Sn + 4N (.) = 2Sn + 4N2 + 2.
( 70%) , , Al, i, Fe, . .
. . N:HCl = 1:3. .
u + N + 4HCl = H[AuC14] + NO + 22.
. , , . , . . , . :
2 ( H+) + (, NaOH) | ||
: , Al | : Zn, Sn, Pb | : |
: :
Zn + 2 = Zn(OH)2 + 2;
Zn()2 + 2NaOH = Na2[Zn(OH)4].
:
Zn + 2 + 2NaOH = N2[Zn ()4] + H2.
: , , , , , , HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, NaOH, KI, K3[Fe(CN)6], Fe(SCN)3; , , , , , , ; .