.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


.




, - , .

( ≈ 7). . .

, .

.

1. , (). : CH3COONa, 23, Na2S, KCN.

KCN.

KCN + ⇄ + HCN

- KCN - HCN.

-

K+ + CN + ⇄ + + + HCN

:

CN + ⇄ + HCN

 

( ).

- HCN. - , ( > 7).

, Na23, :

Na2CO3 + ⇄ NaOH + NaHCO3

2Na+ + CO32− + ⇄ Na+ + + Na+ + HCO3

CO32− + ⇄ + HCO3

, , . 23 , , - - .

 

2. , . : NH4Cl, (II) FeSO4.

NH4Cl + HOH ⇄ NH4OH + HCl

NH4+ + Cl + HOH ⇄ NH4OH + H+ + Cl

NH4+ + HOH ⇄ NH4OH + H+

 

. NH4OH. H+, (< 7).

 

, :

AlBr3 + HOH ⇄ AlOHBr2 + HBr

Al3+ + HOH ⇄ AlOH2+ + H+

AlOHBr2 + ⇄ Al(OH)2Br + HBr

AlOH2+ + ⇄ Al(OH)2+ + H+

Al(OH)3 , , H+.

 

3. , . CH3COONH4, Al2S3.

, , .

CH3COONH4 + ⇄ CH3COO + NH4

CH3COO + NH4+ + ⇄ CH3COO + NH4

. , , ( ≈ 7).

 

4. , . NaCl, KNO3 ..

, .. , . , + . ( = 7).

 

, . ,

KCN + HOH ⇄ KOH + HCN

.= .

 

-

CN- + HOH ⇄ OH- + HCN,

.= .

. . × [HOH] , . .

. = . × [HOH].

:

 

.= , . = .

. ., .

.

, (, KCN):

. = 2 / . .

, (, NH4Cl):

. = 2 / . .

, ( ) ( ), .

,

(, 3NH4):

. = 2 /(. × . ).

 

h (), .

, , /.

:

.

 

.

 

( ).

 

:

) ,

;

) ,

.

 





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