, - , .
( ≈ 7). . .
, .
.
1. , (). : CH3COONa, 23, Na2S, KCN.
KCN.
KCN + ⇄ + HCN
- KCN - HCN.
-
K+ + CN− + ⇄ + + − + HCN
:
CN− + ⇄ − + HCN
( ).
- HCN. - −, ( > 7).
, Na23, :
Na2CO3 + ⇄ NaOH + NaHCO3
2Na+ + CO32− + ⇄ Na+ + − + Na+ + HCO3−
CO32− + ⇄ − + HCO3−
, , . 23 , , - −- .
2. , . : NH4Cl, (II) FeSO4.
NH4Cl + HOH ⇄ NH4OH + HCl
NH4+ + Cl− + HOH ⇄ NH4OH + H+ + Cl−
NH4+ + HOH ⇄ NH4OH + H+
. NH4OH. H+, (< 7).
, :
AlBr3 + HOH ⇄ AlOHBr2 + HBr
Al3+ + HOH ⇄ AlOH2+ + H+
AlOHBr2 + ⇄ Al(OH)2Br + HBr
AlOH2+ + ⇄ Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al(OH)3 , , H+.
3. , . CH3COONH4, Al2S3.
|
|
, , .
CH3COONH4 + ⇄ CH3COO + NH4
CH3COO− + NH4+ + ⇄ CH3COO + NH4
. , , ( ≈ 7).
4. , . NaCl, KNO3 ..
, .. , . , + −. ( = 7).
, . ,
KCN + HOH ⇄ KOH + HCN
.= .
-
CN- + HOH ⇄ OH- + HCN,
.= .
. . × [HOH] , . .
. = . × [HOH].
:
.= , . = .
. ., .
.
, (, KCN):
. = 2 / . .
, (, NH4Cl):
. = 2 / . .
, ( ) ( ), .
,
(, 3NH4):
. = 2 /(. × . ).
h (), .
, , /.
:
.
.
( ).
:
) ,
;
) ,
.