, .. . , , , .
. , , .
: , .
I .
- , , .
.
.
, , , .. , , .
.
I :Q = DU +
, .
, I .
1. U .
, (, , ) ( , ).
, . , , DU = U - U.
2. Q .
. Q , D.
+ bB cC + dD Q
a, b, c, d - .
3. , .
, , :
= . + .
. . , , , .., .. , () .
. , ( .)
. = .×D V
I
Q = DU + . .
1. (). ( ). . V = const, A = 0
|
|
QV = DU.
, .. .
2. . , ( ). , , "" . (, ), .. .
DU = U - U,
DV = V - V.
. = .×D V . = .× V - .× V.
I :
Qp = DU + . = (U - U) + (.× V - .× V) =
= (U + .× V) - (U + .× V)
, , 1877 , " " ( . ) ( . "heat" ).
= U + .× V.
. , :
Qp = - = D.
.
[Qp]=[] = [/].
, .
, Qp , . Q " " , , Q>0. D " " , , D<0.
, Q > 0, D < 0.
, , D , Q .
, Q < 0, D > 0.
( , , .)