, .
1.
(.. , 1748 .; ., 1789 .)
, , , .
- : , . , .
. . : = mc2.
2.
(. , 1801 .)
, , .
, (IV) :
+ 2 2
38 + 52 32 + 42
3 2 +
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2 + 2NaCl + H2O
:
27,29 % 72,71 % .
( ). , , . , : UO3 UO2,5 UO3; UO UO0,9 UO1,3.
3.
(. , 1803 .)
, , , .
. .
, % | 1 N | - | ||
(I) N2O | 63,7 | 36,3 | 0,57 | |
(II) NO | 46,7 | 53,3 | 1,14 | |
(III) N2O3 | 36,8 | 63,2 | 1,71 | |
(IV) NO2 | 30,4 | 69,6 | 2,28 | |
(V) N2O5 | 25,9 | 74,1 | 2,85 |
, , . , 1838 2042 , .
4.
(-, 1808 .)
.
|
|
,
N2 + 3H2 D 2NH3
, 1: 3: 2.
, .
5.
(. , 1793 .)
. |
, .
( ), 1 .
.
,
HBr | Br = 1 |
H2O | = 1/2 |
PH3 | = 1/3 |
SiH4 | Si = 1/4 |
- 1 , / /.
:
(). |
1.
() = , / (/)
HBr | (Br) = 80/1 = 80 / |
H2O | (O) = 16/2 = 8 / |
PH3 | (P) = 31/3=10,3 / |
CO2 | (C) = 12/4 = 3 / |
CO | (C) = 12/2 = 6 / |
2.
() = , / (/)
.
HNO3 | (HNO3) = 63/1 = 63 / |
H2SO4 | (H2SO4) = 98/2 = 49 / |
H3PO4 | (H3PO4) = 98/3 = 32,7 / |
3. ()
() = , / (/)
- .
KOH | (KOH) = 56/1 = 56 / |
Ba(OH)2 | (Ba(OH)2) = 171/2 = 85,5 / |
Fe(OH)3 | (Fe(OH)3) = 107/3 = 35,7 / |
4.
N(O) .
() = , / (/)
NO | (NO) = 30/(1×2) = 15 / |
NO2 | (NO2) = 46/(2×2) = 11,5 / |
5.
N() .
() = , / (/)
3 | (3) = 100/(1×2) = 50 / |
Al2(SO4)3 | (Al2(SO4)3) = 342/(2×3) = 57 / |
6. (1811 .)
.
.
1
( ).
V0 = 22,4 / (3/). 22,41383 0,0070 /.
t0 = 00C; T0 = 273 K; p0 = 1 = 760 .. = 101,3 = 105 = 0,1 |
, (, ), :
|
|
, / (3/)
2
( , ) .
D2 =
D2 .
= | = | = | = |
, . , .
( , , .)