12.11.15
, . , - .
4000 , , .
- 1500 . , . 17 .
17 . - (, , , , ). , (1614 ). 1620 . ( ) , 60 20 .
. - , 1642 . (). , . . - Pascal.
, , , 1673 , -. ( ) . . , . , , , .
, , . . : 1 , - , , .
.
, . , , , , . .
|
|
(1822-1823) , . . . 17000 , . , () , , .. . . , , , . , ( 200 ), , , ( ). , , . , , . , , , . - .
, , 1855 .
, - ( 12 , 14 , , , ) (1847 .), , . , , . , .. : , , , 0 1. .
19 - , , , . , . , , ( 7,5 ).
(Tabulating Machine Company). 1924 IBM (International Business Machines Corporation).
|
|
, , . 1941 ., , IBM 67- , . , : , - .
. , , .
, , , ( -).
- IBM ( 500 . ) . , 3000.
1943 1. : 17 , 2,5 , 750 . . 800 . 0,3 , 3 . , .
, . 16 , . , .
? - , . . , , . , . , ( 1 ) . 1936 . , . Z-1, , . Z-2, , . . 1. 1941 Z-3 - , Z-4.
1942 - , . .
, . () . . . 1936 24 , . ( ), , . . .
|
|
1943 . , . . , 5000 . - , .
. . . 9 1943 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer - ). 17468 , ( , ), 30 , 26 , 6 1000 1. .
, . 6 . .
- EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Automanic Variable Computer - ) ( ) , .
- ( 6 , 8 , 20 30 , ). , .
, , . .
, , .
: - , , - . , , .
, . .
. MANIAC (Mathematical Analyzer, Nomertor, Integrator and Computer - , , ), , .
1954 . .
(Eckert-Mauchlu) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer ), . 5000 2,5 . (5 .). . . 1949 ., EDSAC (Electronic Delay, Storage Automatic Calculator - ).
|
|
, 1. , 1. IBM .
ACE (Automatic Computing Engine - ), 1950 .
1954 . 41 .
Z4. .
50 . 20 . . - .
?
(- ) . - - . , .
, , . , 1948 (). 6000 . , , (12 15 ).
- (-1, 1953 .). 8000 ( ). 1958 . -2 .
1955 . 20 ( -20 . ). 4096 , 4096 . 200 . ., 50 B, .
(-245) 2000 .
. 1954 . -1. 100 .
, , , . , . , () . .
(transistor) , . 1947 , Bell Labs. , , , , , . 1955 TRADIC (800 , 11 . ), 1958 . Philco-2000 56 . , 1200 . 10 . ( ) , , , .
|
|
1960 . . -2.
Atlas ( 1961 ), () , Stretch, CDC-6600 () -6 ().
-6, 1966 . .. , . 1.1
-6 20 1968- 1987 . - -6, 1 . !
-6 - , .
. 1.1 - -6
-6 . -6 , , - ( , , ).
: (1964 .), -1, -2), -̻, -2. , , , 1000 /. . - .
.
, , .
1964 IBM IBM System/360 (S/360), .
- :
, ;
, .. ( , );
;
, , / . . , .
. - , - , ..
5 . ( - ).
IBM/360 , IBM .
(), . , 100 . .
. , , , . , , .
1967 ( ). - (), . IBM 360.
, . IBM, , , , , , . .
20 , IBM-360 370. 20 . / -1020 500 . / -1050.
: -, -, - . . , . , .
1984 , , - .
, , . (1990) , .
. , ().
. . ().
, , , 1974 . , 8080, Intel 8080. 397 . : 256 , , . , ( ). . , BASIC. Microsoft.
. 1977 . Tandy TRS-80 Tandy Corporation, Z-80. , , , .
1977 . Apple Computers Apple II, 5 , . 1980 . 117 . , .
, .
1981 , IBM - (IBM Personal Computer).
IBM PC : Intel, Tandon, .. IBM PC .
, .
IBM PC . , : . -, , .
IBM PC . , .
, Tandy Corporation, I - . , ( ), IBM. IBM. , , IBM . ( , ..), .. IBM , .
IBM . Intel 8088, / , . 64 . BASIC.
. - IBM PC/XT (Personal Computer /eXTended version) 10-30 .
. , , ..
.
, 1982 , . IT .
.
. - - , , , .
, , . , .
, . , .
, .