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III. , :
1. Its important to maintain proper operation of the ..
a) reactor; b) nuclear power station; c) engine; d) electricity.
2. Radioactive are harmful to health.
a) chemicals; b) particles; c) substances; d) dust.
3. Nuclear weapons continue to pose a .
a) danger; b) catastrophe; c) threat; d) problem.
4. The rise in sea levels has been predicted as a of global warming.
a) consequence; b) result; c) cause; d) reason.
5. The 1987 hurricane was the worst natural to hit England for decades.
a) accident; b) catastrophe; c) tragedy; d) disaster.
6. Britain is committed to a 30 per cent reduction in carbon dioxide by 2005.
a) release; b) emissions; c) generation; d) production.
7. Mrs. Thatcher began to sell into private hands many publicly-owned production and service .
a) plants; b) works; c) enterprises; d) firms.
8 The President knew that some congressmen would him.
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a) support; b) copy; c ) agree with; d) change.
9. Industrial and nuclear waste in water rapidly.
a) lives; b) spreads; c) extends; d) stretches.
10. and pesticides pollute the environment.
a) Substances; b) Remedies; c) Fertilizes; d) Chemicals.
11. We to live in a small town but now we live in London.
a) used; b) get used; c) started; d) have.
12. He was because he didnt break the law.
a) imprisoned; b) arrested; c) taken to the prison; d) justified.
13. A doctor must the wishes of patients.
a) ignore; b) respect; c) improve; d) change.
14. The summer was very dry and there was a of fires in the forest.
a) threat; b) hope; c) expectance; d) believe.
15. He studied physics at the university.
a) elementary; b) good; c) nuclear; d) well.
16. International Childrens Fund was to improve the living conditions of children.
a) formed; b) closed; c) forgotten; d) managed.
17. A polyglot is a person who has some languages.
a) invented; b) mastered; c) opened; d) heard.
18. They used in road building.
a) nuclear bombs; b) chemical substances; c) explosives; d) instruments.
19. This won the Nobel Prize for his discovery in Physics.
a) shop-assistant; b) engineer; c) pianist; d) scientist.
20. Alfred Nobel tried to publicity.
a) avoid; b) enjoy; c) win; d) respect.
21. Alfred Nobel often thought about the of his life.
a) meaning; b) beautiful; c) difficulties; d) end.
22. Michael Faraday is an English. who was born in a poor labouring family.
a) computer programmer; b) artist; c) plumber; d) scientist.
23. Teach your children how to their pets.
a) wait for; b) care for; c) laugh at; d) think of.
24. What you leave the town so early?
a) makes; b) helps; c) hopes; d) walks.
25. They used to cut the tunnel through the mountain.
a) wars; b) explosives; c) weapons; d) spades.
26. The hardest work in is now performed by robots.
a) mines; b) schools; c) games; d) plays.
27. His to work day and night was known to his colleagues.
a) knowledge; b) ability; c) behavior; d) fact.
28. I dont know this word. Do you know of this word?
a) the meaning; b) the plenty of; c) many; d) the influence.
29. She will be here today. She promised to come.
a) never; b) probably; c) usually; d) too.
30. You shouldnt spiders just because you are afraid of them.
a) kill; b) like; c) avoid; d) admit.
31. The car accident took place in the street and many people were .
a) found; b) respected; c) injured; d) avoided.
32. He realized that without the experiment his work would be....
a) useless; b) useful; c) successful; d) necessary.
33. I will finish my work you are playing chess.
a) however; b) therefore; c) so; d) while.
34. If you learn by your own mistakes you will be able to problems in future.
a) avoid; b) respect; c) occur; d) deserve.
35. Economists the economy to grow by 5 % next year.
a) install; b) expect; c) threaten; d) abolish.
36. This student an excellent mark. He knows so much.
a) deserves; b) develops; c) chooses; d) improves.
37. Atomic ice-breaker works on energy.
a) electric; b) sun; c) nuclear; d) natural.
38. You must the correct answer.
a) choose; b) avoid; c) restore; d) win.
39. Alfred Nobels wish was a fund.
a) to justify; b) to form; c) to change; d) to decorate.
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40. A Nobel did much for the of permanent armies.
a) abolition; b) strengthening; c) development; d) improving.
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2
I. :
DNA Computer Works in Human Cells
By JR Minkel
Researchers have designed a new type of DNA computer that works in human cells, perhaps paving the way for a distant technology capable of picking out diseased cells from otherwise healthy tissue. The system runs on a process called RNA interference (RNAi) in which small molecules of RNA prevent a gene from producing protein.
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The goal is to inject human cells with DNA that can determine whether a cell is cancerous or otherwise diseased, based solely on the mix of molecules inside the cell. Sensing disease, the DNA might trigger a pinpoint dose of treatment in response. That technology, however, is a long way off. For now, researchers are testing different ways of turning DNA into versatile computers that can detect certain combinations of molecules and respond by producing other molecules.
The central challenge is how do you create a 'molecular computer' capable of making decisions, says bioengineer Yaakov Benenson of Harvard University. Researchers have designed powerful test tube DNA computers that could play tic-tac-toe or perform the basic tasks of logic, but getting them to work in human cells was likely to be tricky, Benenson says.
RNAi is something that cells do naturally. Cells produce what are known as short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, which recognize corresponding DNA sequences in genes and cause them to shut down.
Benenson and colleagues engineered a target gene to be sensitive to several different siRNAs of their own design. In the simplest case, they introduced a single siRNA molecule to switch off a target gene that encoded a fluorescent protein. In more complex cases, a pair of siRNAs or either of two siRNAs switched off another target gene, which in turn switched off a gene for a fluorescent protein. To make sure the system worked as intended, the researchers based their siRNAs on those of other species, they report in a paper published online today by Nature Biotechnology.
In principle, the RNAi technique can reach great heights of complexity, Benenson says, by making genes sensitive to more and more siRNAs in various combinations. The scalability is very important, because eventually you want to make complex decisions, he says.
He says the next step is figuring out how to make the molecules inside a cell such as those that are overproduced in cancer trigger the production of siRNAs.
(Scientific American, May, 2007)
II. :
New Zealand scientists record biodiversity breakdown
By Neil Bowdler
Scientists in New Zealand say they have linked the modern-day decline of a common forest shrub with the local extinction of two pollinating birds over a century ago. They say the disappearance of two birds the bellbird and stitch bird from the upper North Island of the country has lead to a slow decline in common plants, including the forest shrub New Zealand gloxinia.
Ship rats and stoats imported into the country around the year 1870 are blamed for the birds' demise.
The researchers claim the study, published in the journal Science, offers rare experimental proof of a breakdown in a local ecosystem.
New Zealand gloxinia or Rhabdothamnus solandri is a gangly forest shrub, which grows in the shade to about 2m high and produces an orange tubular flower. It depends on three birds for pollination the bellbird, stitch bird and the tui.
While the latter now seems only to feed higher up in the forest canopy, the former two vanished from upper North Island in the late 19th century. It is thought they were killed off by rats brought in by ships or by stoats introduced to control the local rabbit population.
The researchers wanted to observe the impact on New Zealand gloxinia of these disappearing bird populations and so compared the situation on the mainland with that of three nearby island bird sanctuaries where the birds remain abundant.
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What they found was that pollination rates were vastly reduced on the mainland with seed production per flower 84 % lower compared with the islands.
While this has yet to fully manifest itself in the density of adult gloxinia populations on the mainland, the researchers found 55 % fewer juvenile plants per adult plant on the mainland vis-à-vis the islands.
The researchers could also quantify how often or how little birds visited the plant, as birds make distinct markings on the flower as they feed on the nectar.
This plant is in trouble but it's a slow motion disaster, said Professor Dave Kelly of New Zealand's University of Canterbury, who led the research. It hasn't been well pollinated for about the last 140 years that's about when these birds disappeared off the North Island.
In that time there haven't been enough seedlings coming through and so the plant is quietly crumbling away, fading away.
(Science report, BBC News)
III. , :
1. A Nobel never any reward for what he had done.
a) expected; b) refused; c) noticed; d) avoided.
2. In Sweden A. Nobel began his own study of .
a) weapon; b) explosives; c) substances; d) literature.
3. They found old books in the library.
a) so; b) peace; c) plenty of; d) never.
4. I usually get up early in the morning go to the bathroom and have breakfast.
a) then; b) too; c) yet; d) however.
5. It was an ordinary day but an explosion occurred in the old mine.
a) few; b) really; c) nobody; d) suddenly.
6. He looked and saw the dog running after him.
a) back; b) for; c) seldom; d) really.
7. He refused to give his explanation.
a) meaning; b) own; c) opportunity; d) justice.
8. The explosion in the old mine.
a) make; b) were; c) occurred; d) brought.
9. The students worked hard during the term and achieved results.
a) excellent; b) bad; c) terrible; d) few.
10. When I have holidays I have free time and can do anything.
a) little; b) a few; c) plenty of; d) huge.
11. His invention was used for war to kill and people.
a) justify; b) avoid; c) injure; d) care for.
12. He realized that without the experiment his work would be....
a) useful; b) successful; c) necessary; d) useless.
13. It is important to take measures to the risk of fire.
a) avoid; b) choose; c) need; d) win.
14. I a good mark for the answer.
a) mastered; b) invented; c) deserved; d) passed.
15. When she was abroad she her furniture in a warehouse.
a) left; b) sold; c) stored; d) gave.
16. Thats not the way to stop the machine.
a) proper; b) necessary; c) reasonable; d) essential.
17. I couldnt find a parking .
a) territory; b) space; c) field; d) site.
18. The bag was covered with a sticky .
a) substance; b) matter; c) component; d) mixture.
19. Have you anything to this material but cheaper?
a) familiar; b) known; c) similar; d) same.
20. nations sometimes try to control weaker countries.
a) Powerful; b) Advanced; c) Effective; d) Efficient.
21. The wire had in half.
a) unite; b) divide; c) split; d) separate.
22. She gave us a short of the rules before we started.
a) definition; b) explanation; c) annotation; d) description.
23. Many plants have medicinal .
a) characteristics; b) qualities; c) features; d) properties.
24. The main of the countrys industry is ship building.
a) branch; b) department; c) space; d) seat.
25. Scientists believe that ghosts do not .
a) look; b) exist; c) believe; d) stay.
26. The company twice last year.
a) doubled; b) established; c) founded; d) expanded.
27. The experiment gave us data on this problem.
a) considerable; b) long; c) strong; d) huge;
28. The main of the plane crash was bad weather.
a) question; b) substance; c) reason; d) problem.
29. The of this system was held last year.
a) quality; b) improvement; c) quantity; d) problem.
30. The article was about how the scientists the distance to the moon.
a) counted; b) enumerated; c) calculated; d) computed.
31. There are many cities with a of over 2 million people.
a) people; b) inhabitants; c) population; d) residents.
32. Great spending on education is expected to lead to a large in the number of students.
a) growth; b) rise; c) increase; d) escalation.
33. Our university has excellent sporting .
a) facilities; b) equipment; c) conditions; d) resources.
34. I regret that a meeting prevents me from accepting your invitation.
a) antecedent; b) future; c) early; d) previous.
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35. It would matters if you were more cooperative.
a) ease; b) help; c) facilitate; d) lighten.
36. Having read the message I came to a decision.
a) brisk; b) hurried; c) prompt; d) rapid.
37. The house has many interesting including a large Victorian fireplace.
a) feature; b) characteristic; c) property; d) peculiarity.
38. Is the story a complete invention, or is it on fact?
a) written; b) told; c) founded; d) established.
39. A paint that gives woodwork protection against the weather.
a) permanent; b) lasting; c) unending; d) stable.
40. A of well-qualified people have recently left the company.
a) amount; b) digit; c) numeral; d) number.
IV. :
1. ?
2. ?
3. (, , ) ?
4. ?
5. ?
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3
I. :
Harvard's Nano Sized Lab in a Pocket Could Speed Discovery of New Biofuels
By Tina Casey
Leave it to Harvard University to invent an entire laboratory the size of an iPod nano. The device, which actually is slightly smaller than an iPod nano, makes it possible to sort enzymes and compounds 1,000 times faster than the much larger equipment in use today, making it not only small but energy efficient, too.
The new device could precipitate a sea change in the way that new biofuels are developed. In particular, new biofuels based on microbes could be developed in a relatively short time, compared to a years-long sorting process with conventional equipment. And of course, thats just a taste of things to come.
The invention, called a micro fluidic sorting device, is part of a trend toward finding more energy efficient, low cost, and sustainable methods of scientific investigation. Conventional sorting equipment is essentially a robotic process that requires energy and reagents. Harvards new device uses 10 million-fold less reagent and presumably far less energy; its inventors anticipate that it will reduce screening costs by one million-fold. The project was a team effort that also involved MIT, the Universite de Strasbourg, YNano LLc, the National Science Foundation, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Massachusetts Life Sciences Center, and the Agence National de la Recherche. It takes a village, right?
Basically the name microfluidic sorting device says it all. In this process, microscopic drops of liquid pass through a sequence of nanotubes that fork in two directions. The drops are treated with a surfactant to prevent sticking and clumping, so they act more like marbles in a chute than normal drops of liquid. Trapped within each drop is an individual cell. When a drop reaches the fork, a laser measures the level of fluorescence in the cell. The higher the fluorescence, the higher the cells activity level, and the more desirable it is. The active cells are pulled into the keep fork by an electrical force called dielectrophoresis. The other cells drop off into the discard fork. In one demonstration, the device sorted 100 million (yes million) variants of a high-efficiency enzyme, evolving it into an enzyme that was even more efficient so efficient that it practically reached its theoretical maximum (that would be an enzyme that has a production capacity equal to the number of substrates that it encounters).
The device could lead to a far more rapid means of identifying biofuel-producing organisms and improving their efficiency, possibly in a matter of months rather than years. Even with conventional lab technology, microorganisms are already elbowing crop-based biofuels aside. Just a couple of recent examples are MITs biofuel producing bacteria, and the glycerin-gobbling biofuel microorganisms developed by Rice University. The device also plays right into the EPAs push for low cost, energy efficient ways to clean up contaminated sites which in turn plays into the EPAs newly, launched programs for reclaiming brown fields for renewable energy installations. Instead of digging up contaminated soil and dumping it elsewhere (which creates a huge carbon footprint), the new approach calls for using low cost, energy efficient on site solutions. This might include using vitamin B-12 or potassium lactate to stimulate the growth of soil dwelling microbes that eat pollutants. For that matter, specially engineered microbes can even be used to convert wastewater to bioplastics.
(Scientific American,March, 2010)
II. :
